838 
B. F. KAUPP. 
with it blood and lymph derived frorh the wounded tissues.” 
Mr. Boerhaave experimented by introducing a small round pebble 
into the bladder of a dog. The wound healed perfectly. A few 
months later the dog was killed and there was found a calculus 
of considerable size, the pebble forming the nucleus. These 
calculi are of different sizes and shapes, as you will see by the 
specimens I exhibit to-night. They are composed of carbonate 
of magnesia, carbonate, phosphate and oxalate of lime and the 
soluble forms of silica, which usually enters the urine as silicate 
of potash or soda, and sometimes traces of iron and other mineral 
substances. Urinary calculi are more frequent in the male than 
in the female, owing to the fact that in this sex the urethral 
passage is much smaller and longer than in the female. 
A small calculus may pass from the kidney to the bladder, 
where it may form the nucleus of a cystic calculus ; or a small 
stone may pass from the bladder and become lodged in the 
urethral passage and form the nucleus of a urethral calculus. 
Urethral calculi are more frequent in the male sex of cattle 
and sheep, owing to the S shaped curvature of the penis. The 
calculus most frequently lodges about the posterior border of 
the pelvis just above the S shaped curvature of the penis. 
Prepucial calculus in the horse of calcareous formation is 
rare. This term has sometimes been applied to the sebaceous 
matter that so eommonly accumulates in the blind pouch at the 
end of the penis, which substance is soft and cheesy-like. Pre¬ 
pucial calculi in cattle may form on the hairs hanging in a tuft 
from the prepuce. The calculi are usually phosphatic in com¬ 
position. The slow expulsion of the urine favors their forma¬ 
tion. Prepucial calculi in swine are frequently found. Some 
of the calculi have nearly a smooth surfaee, while others present 
a crystalized appearance and are very irregular in shape. 
Dr. Griemer, in the Veterinary Journal in 1896, reports a case 
of urethral calculus in a horse, calculus weighing 6^ ounees. 
Dr. PMriner, in'the Veterinary Review in 1895, reports a 
cystic calculus in an i8-months-old colt ; the calculus measured 
14 inches in circumference and weighed 27 ounces. 
