840 
B. F. KAUPP, 
in consistency, resembling beeswax and of a dark green color. 
Biliary calculi are concretions formed principally of choles- 
terin, together with coloring matter from the bile, and are most 
frequently found in the gall bladder, and sometimes in the bile 
ducts. The concretions are said to be rare in horses. They 
are commonly found in cattle, in which I have counted as high 
as fourteen stones in one bile duct. They are also of frequent 
occurrence in swine, and are said to be occasionally found in 
dogs. 
The calculi of the stomach and intestines of horses usually 
occur in those owned by millers, where the dust of the mill, 
containing grit and other substances, is swept up and fed to 
them. A piece of mill stone or other substance usually forms 
the nucleus around which earthy and other matter collects. 
Some are soft, consisting principally of animal and vegetable 
matter, others consist of animal and mineral substances, while a 
few are composed of mineral substances alone. They vary in 
weight from a few ounces to more than twenty pounds. Cal¬ 
culi in the stomach of dogs are rare, but when found usually 
consist of phosphate of lime and magnesia intermixed with 
organic matter and have a smooth surface. In the stomach of 
cattle we frequently find an interesting calculus of hair forma¬ 
tion, commonly called “ hair-balls,” or technically known as 
segagropilus ; these hair-balls are most commonly found in the 
autumn and winter. The roughened condition of the tongue 
of cattle causes a considerable removal of hair while lickino- 
themselves or other cattle, which is swallowed, and by the 
churning motion of the stomach the hair, which is intermixed 
'with food particles and mucus, moulds into a rounded form. 
After a while the outer surface becomes polished and smooth. 
They are brown or black in color, and vary in size from a wal¬ 
nut to several pounds. Calculi in the intestines of cattle are 
neither large, solid, nor frequent, and are usually found in the 
large intestines. 
Salivary^calduli are probably the most common in the horse. 
They may form either in the parotid, sublingual or submax- 
