INN O 
Pifana snd Genoefe, who were then at war, and of per- 
iuading both republics to join the other Chriftian powers 
againft the Saracens. But, on his arrival at Perugia, he 
was attacked by a violent fever, which in a few days' put 
an'end to his life, after a pontificate of eighteen years and 
rather more than fix months, and when he was about fifty- 
five years old. He was fuperior in learning, abilities, and 
knowledge, to molt of his predeceflors ; but his ambition, 
arrogance, avarice, and cruelty, clouded the luftre of any 
good qualities which his panegyrilts have attributed to 
him. That we are not influenced by protellant preju¬ 
dices in giving him this charadter, will not require any 
proof to "thofe who confider the portrait which Mr. Be- 
rington, a catholic prieft, has drawn of this pontiff. 
Innocent,” fays that author, “ had virtues. He was 
learned, magnificent, perfeverant, wife. In the know¬ 
ledge of laws and politics, he had no equal: he poflelfed 
the art of government; and he was obeyed more from 
fear than love. Ambition was his ruling paflion, to gra¬ 
tify which, he overftepped the bounds of decency and juf- 
tice, playing as wantonly with the folemn cenfures of the 
church, as if they had been .inftitufed for the common 
purpofes of wayward caprice or refentful vengeance. To 
look into him for the amiable virtues of life, or for thofe 
which fnould form the pa flora 1 character, would be lofs 
of time. The prerogative of the holy fee, built up by 
adulation and misjudging zeal, filled his mind; its ag- 
grandifement he fought, lometimes, perhaps, from mo¬ 
tives which the cool reafoner may excufe; and the me¬ 
teor of univerfal empire gleaming on his fenfes, did not 
permit the operations of a difpafiionate and unbiafied 
judgment. No tears were flied when Innocent fell, but 
thole which religion wept, too juftly pained by the inor¬ 
dinate exertions and worldly views of her firfl minifter. 
The maxims of the age, however, muft not be forgotten. 
They will throw fome veil over the failings of Innocent; 
will extenuate the intemperance of his meafures, and 
Blunt the edge of cenlure.” He was the author of a va¬ 
riety of works, enumerated by Cave and Dupin, of which 
the moll: valuable are his Epiftles, which throw confider- 
able light on the eccleiiaftical hiftory of his time, and will 
afford much aflifiance to the rtudent in canon law. The 
moft complete and correct edition of them, is that pub- 
lifhed at Paris, in 1682, by M. Baluze, in a vols. folio. 
IN'NOCENT IV. (pope), whofe former name was Si- 
nibaldo, was a native of Genoa, and a branch of the 
noble family of the Fiefchi, counts of Lavagna. His firfl: 
ecclefiaftical preferment was a canonry of Parma ; from 
which he was promoted to the chancellorlhip of the Ro¬ 
man church. In the year ia27, he was honoured with 
the purple by pope Gregory IX. under the title of cardi¬ 
nal prefbyter of St. Lawrence in Lucina. After the death 
of Celefline IV. in 1241, the Roman fee remained vacant 
for more than twenty months ; at length Sinibaldo was 
unanimoufly elefted to the papal dignity, on the feftival of 
St. John the Baptift, 1243, and took the name of Innocent 
IV. He died in the month of December 1254, after he 
had prefided over the church eleven years and between 
five.and fix months. During the whole of his pontificate, 
he adhered to thofe high and pernicious notions, refpeft- 
ing the power and authority of the papal fee, upon which 
his predeceflors Gregory VII. and IX. had a&ed, to the 
great unhappinels of Germany and Italy in particular, as 
well as of other European kingdoms. See Germany, 
vol. viii.'p. 481. He poflelfed confiderable learning, was 
well acquainted with the divinity of thofe times, and was 
the belt civilian of his age. In the midft of the cares of 
his troublefome pontificate, he wrote the Apparatus , Libris 
quinque diJHnBus, in totidem Libras Decretalium, which was 
firfl printed at Venice in 1570, folio, and is ftill held in 
iuch requeft among the canonilts, that the author is ftyled 
by them, “the father of the canon-law.” He was alfo 
the author of other pieces, and among them, of Liber Apo- 
logeticus de Potejiate Ecclejiajlica, &c. defigned to maintain 
the jurifdi&ion of the apoftolic fee over the empire, in an- 
Vol.XI. No. 736. 
CENT. 89 
fwer to the famous peter de Vineis, fecretary to Frede¬ 
ric II. Twenty of his Letters are inferred in the eleventh 
volume of the Collefl. Concil. and forty-fix in the firfl: 
volume of Waddingus’s An rial. Minor. As this pontiff 
was himfelf a man of learning,- fo he was an encourageF 
of learned men; and it was .at his requelt that Alexander 
Hales undertook his Summa univerfas Theologias. He is 
faid to have been the firfl who diftinguilhed the cardinals 
by the.red hat. 
IN'NOCENT V. (pope), originally known by the name - 
of Peter of Tarentaise, was born at the town whence 
he derived his furname, on the Iferre in Burgundy. When 
very young he entered into the Dominican order of preach¬ 
ing friars in the year 1225, and purfued his ftudies in di¬ 
vinity at Paris with fuch fuccefs, that he was appointed 
to fill the theological chair in the univerfity of that city, 
and was confidered to be one of the moll learned divines 
of the age. In the year 1263, he filled the poll of vicar- 
general of his order at a chapter held at Lyons, and was 
appointed provincial in France. In the year 1271, he 
was nominated by pope Gregory X. archbifhop of Lyons, 
and foon afterwards promoted to the facred college, by 
the title of cardinal bilhop of Oftia. Two years after this- 
he was created, grand penitentiary of the Roman church, 
and prefided at the council held at Lyons in 1274. Upon 
the death of Gregory X. in 1276, he was unanimoufly 
chofen his fucceflor in the papal dignity by the conclave,, 
and took the name of Innocent V. The firfl object of 
his care after his elevation to the papacy, was to recon¬ 
cile thofe ftates of Italy, which were carrying on bloody 
wars againft each other under the oppofite denominations 
of Guelfs and Ghibellines; for which purpofe he fent 
legates into Tufcany, who by their interpofition, con¬ 
jointly with that of the ambafladors of Charles king of 
Sicily, fucceeded in bringing about a peace between the 
republics of Lucca and Pifa. In the next place, he pro- 
jefted the million of a fplendid legation into the Eaft, to 
obtain from the emperor Michael Palacologus the confir¬ 
mation of the articles of union agreed and fworn to by 
his ambafladors ; but he died before he could carry his 
defign finto execution, after a fliort pontificate of abou? 
five months. He was the author of, 1. Commentaries 
upon the Pentateuch,' the Canticles, and the Evangelilis. 
2. Notes on the Epiftles of St. Paul, publilhed at Cologne 
in 1478, folio, under the name of Nicholas de Goram. 
3. Compendium Theologiae, Paris, 1551, iamo. 4. Com- 
mentarius in quatuor Libros Sententiarum, Touloufe^. 
1652, &c. 
IN'NOCENT VI. (pope), formerly called Stephen 
Aubert, was a native of Mont, near Pompadour, in the 
diocefe of Limoges, in France. About the year 1335, he 
was profeffor of civil law at Touloufe, and chief judge of 
that city. In the year 1337, he was made bilhop of Noy- 
on; and in 1340, tranflated to the fee of Clermont. Two 
years afterwards, pope Clement VL.raifed him to the pur¬ 
ple, and appointed him grand penitentiary of the Roman 
church. Avignon was at this time the place of papal re- 
fidence, where, upon the death of Clement VI. in 1352, 
the cardinals held their conclave for the eleftion of his 
fucceflor. Before they proceeded to that formality, they 
drew up among themlelves a fet of articles, calculated to 
maintain their dignity, and to render them in a confider¬ 
able degree independent of the pope; to the obfervance 
of which they all fwore, fome without any reftriftion, but 
others with the claufe, <f if agreeable to the law.” After 
this preliminary meafure, they gave their fuffrages, which 
were found to be unanimous in favour of Aubert, who 
took the name of Innocent VI. ’ No fooner had he en¬ 
tered upon his pontificate, than-he declared the Compaq 
entered into by the conclave to be illegal, as contrary to 
the canons of the church ; and, confequently, null and in 
no refpeft binding; but as, from his knowledge as an ex¬ 
pert civilian, he could not have been ignorant of that faft 
before, his taking the oath to obferve it, even with the 
xeltriftive claufe, deferves-no more favourable name than 
A a than 
