INNOCENT. , ©1 
Innocent (pent the remainder of his pontificate in en¬ 
deavouring to maintain order and good government in 
the patrimony of the church, and in cultivating the arts 
of peace. He cleared the country of the robbers and af- 
fafiins with which it was infefted ; adopted mealmes for 
the regular and plentiful fnpply of Rome with provifions ; 
and adorned it with many magnificent buildings,. _ The 
moft remarkable event of tlie four laft years of his life 
Hvas, bis receiving and keeping prifoner at large in the 
Vatican palace, Zizim, brother to the grand fignior Baja- 
zet II. See the article Turkey. 
Innocent died in the year 1494, aged fixty, after he 
had filled the papal throne feven years and nearly eleven 
months. He appears to have pofleffed few preventions to 
learning or abilities ; but fecured attachment and refpeft 
by the fweetnefs of his temper, and his obliging manners. 
That he was avaricious he fhowed, by the creation of nu¬ 
merous new offices, which he fold for large fums ot mo¬ 
ney, and by the riches which he left behind him. And 
that his charafter in a moral point of view will not bear 
examination, is manifeft from the licentioufnefs of his 
manners, and the numerous baftards of whom he unbiufli- 
ingly owned himfelf the father. Volaterranus fays, that, 
«< he was the firft of the popes who introduced that new 
and extraordinary proceeding of owning publicly _ his 
fpurious iflue, and, without any refpeft to the ancient 
difcipline, heaping upon them riches without meafure.” 
There are none of his writings publifhed, excepting a 
Tetter to Henry VII. king of England, againlt citing the 
clerical orders before fecular tribunals, which is i_n- 
lerted in the thirteenth volume of the Collect. Concil. 
eight Letters, and Conftitutions, in Bzovius’s _AnnaI. Eccl. 
under the year 1484; and others in the bullaries and other 
collections of the papal conftitutions. 
IN'NOCENT IX. (pope), formerly known by the name 
of John-Anthony Facchinetti, was bom at' Bologna 
in the year 15x9. He was educated in his native city, 
where he was admitted to the degree of doflor in the 
year 1544- Removing afterwards to Rome, he became a 
domeftic in the family of cardinal Farnele, who fent him 
in the capacity of his vicar to Avignon, and again to 
Parma. By pope Pius IV. he was made bilhop of Nicaftro 
in Calabria, and employed by that pontiff - at the council 
of Trent, in the year 1561. In 1566, Pius V. fent him in 
the charafter of his nuncio to Venice, where he had a 
principal concern in eftablifiiing the confederacy between 
the pope, the king of Spain, and the republic, againlt 
the Turks. Gregory XIII. created him patriarch of Je- 
rufalem; appointed him prefident of the Inquilition; and 
finally raifed him to the purple, by the title of cardinal 
Santi Quattro. When the conclave met for the choice 
of a fucceflor to Gregory XIV. in the year 1591, our car¬ 
dinal was unanimoully elected to that dignity, when he 
took the name of Innocent IX. No fooner had he en¬ 
tered upon his government, than lie projected grand plans 
of improvement in the ecclefiaftical territory, of a com¬ 
mercial and economical nature; but he did not live to 
' carry any of them into execution, being carried off by a 
malignant fever juft as he had completed the fecond month 
of his pontificate, when he was about the age of feventy- 
two. 
IN'NOCENT X. (pope), whofe former name was John- 
a p t 1 sT Pamphili, was defcended from a relpeCtable 
family, and born at Rome about the year 1575. HeTe- 
.cffived his education in his native city, and applied him¬ 
felf chiefly to the ftudy of the civil law, of which he was 
admitted to the degree of doCtor when he was twenty 
years of age. Afterwards he Was made one of the advo¬ 
cates of the confiftory, and promoted by pope Clement 
VIII. to the auditorlhip of the Rota. By Gregory XV. he 
■was fent nuncio to Naples; and he was employed by Ur¬ 
ban VIII. in the capacity of firft minifter of legations into 
France and Spain, having been created patriarch of An¬ 
tioch on his return from the former of'thofe kingdoms. 
<He was alfo nominated papal nuncio in Spain, and ac¬ 
quitted himfelf in that office fo much to the fatisfafVion 
of Urban, that in the year 1617 he beftowed upon him a 
cardinal’s hat, under the title of cardinal of St. Eufebius. 
Afterwards he was made prefect of the ecclefiaftical im¬ 
munities; fupreme judge of the inquilition ; and protec¬ 
tor of the kingdom of Poland. In the conclave which 
aftembled in 1644, to fill the vacancy in the papal fee oc- 
cafioned by the death of Urban VIII. there was a contelt 
for fix weeks between the faftions who fupportc-Jj the in- 
terefts of different candidates; but at length, owing to the 
exertions of the Barberini party, the requifite number of 
votes was obtained in favour of the cardinal of St. Euft> 
bius, who upon his confecration adopted the name of In¬ 
nocent X. Before his elevation to the pontificate, Inno¬ 
cent had carried on an illicit commerce with his brother’s 
widow, Olympia Maldachini, a woman of ir.fatiable ava¬ 
rice and unbounded ambition; and that commerce he not 
only continued after he had obtained the tiara, but he 
entirely abandoned to her abfolute iway his dignity, the 
adminiftration of his temporal affairs, and the govern¬ 
ment of the church. All benefices and bilhopfics, all em¬ 
ployments, whether ecclefiaftical, civil, or military, were 
dilpofed of by her to the higheft bidders, without any re¬ 
gard to friendihip or merit, or to the character of the 
1 purchafers. The moft remarkable tranfaiftion of his pon¬ 
tificate, however, was his condemning, by a bull, in the 
year 1653, the five propofitions felebted by the Jefuits 
from Janfonius’s- AuguJUnus, of which controverfy we have- 
given an account in the life of the bilhop of Ypres, p. 685 
of vol. x. Innocent died in 1655, aged about eighty-one, 
having filled the papal throne ten years and between three 
and four months. Of his good deeds we have feen no re- 
gifter; and he has not been unjuftiy characterized, when 
reprefented as having joined to a profound ignorance of 
all thofe things which it was necefiary for a Chriftian. bi¬ 
lhop to know, the moft lhameful indolence, and the molt 
notorious profligacy. 
IN'NOCENT XI. (pope), whofe former name was Be¬ 
nedict Odescalchi, was the Ion of a rich banker at 
Como in the Milanefe, where he was born in the year i6i r. 
His firft profelfion was that of a Ipldier ; in which he bore 
arms in the Spanilli fervice againlt the French in the Ne¬ 
therlands, and received a wound, the inconvenience of 
which he felt during the remainder of his life. Quitting 
the military profelfion, he refolved on embracing the ec- 
clefiaftical ftate ; and, for the purpofe of qualifying him¬ 
felf for the church, fie went to ftudy at Naples, where 
he was admitted to the degree of doCtor. Afterwards ha 
removed to Rome in the pontificate cf Urban VIII. who 
gave him the appointment of apoftolical lecretary. Ha 
rilled tfie lame poll under Innocent X. and difcharged the 
duties of it with, fo much ability, that he was appointed 
prefident of the chamber, and afterwards apoftolical com- 
miliary, and governor of the Marfa di Roma. In tha 
year 1645, Innocent raifed him to the purple, by the titles 
of cardinal prefhyter of St. Oiiuphrius, and fome time af¬ 
terwards appointed him to the legation of Ferrara, as well 
as the bilhopric of Novara. Upon the .death ox Clement X. 
in 1678, the election of a new pope was delayed for Ibme 
months, by_ the intrigues, of the cardinals and foreign, 
minifters ; till at length the rival parties united in giving 
their fuffrag.es for our cardinal, who at his confecration 
took the name of Innocent XI. ‘.He had. made it an iu- 
difpenlable condition of his acceptance of that dignity* 
that he Ihould be fupported by the cardinals in reforming 
the abufes which prevailed in the Roman church and 
court; to which they all fubfcribed. He began his.go¬ 
vernment with abolilhing nepotifin^ for, when his ne¬ 
phew came to congratulate him upon his promotion, he 
told him that he mull notexpebt to have any fnare in the 
government, and itrictly enjoined him neither to receive 
nor return any vifits as. nephew to the pope. But at the 
lame time, that he might have no ground for. complain¬ 
ing that he was not benefited by his uncle’s advancement, 
the pontiff made over .to him the whole of his large pa- 
.» ternal 
