146 INS 
alty under a new dynafty, has been abolilhed. It has 
undergone fome new modifications, in confequence of a 
decree of the emperor Napoleon; but it Hill retains its 
name, and proceeds with increafed effefl. 
The National Inftitute is of courfe the principal of the 
learned focieties of Paris. It belongs to the whole em¬ 
pire. Its objeft is to improve the arts by uninterrupted 
inquiries, by the examination of literary and fcientific 
labours, and by correfpondence with foreign and learned 
focieties. It comprehends not only all the branches into 
which the Academies of Sciences and of the Belles Let- 
tres, founded by Lewis XIV. were formerly fubcjivided, 
but alfo logic, morals, and politics. It confifts of 144. 
members refiding in Paris, of 115 non-refidents in the 
departments, and of learned foreigners, afiociates, to the 
number of twenty-four, together with a librarian, two 
fub-librarians, an agent, and a fecretary. It is divided 
into three claffes: thefe are fub-divided each into three 
feftions, and each of thefe again is to confiftof twelve mem¬ 
bers. The firft clafs conlilts of ten feflions, which are to 
prefide over mathematics, mechanical arts, aftronomy, 
experimental philofophy, chemillry, natural hiftory, bo¬ 
tany, anatomy and animal hiftory, medicine and furgery, 
animal economy and the veterinary fcience. The le- 
cond clafs has morality and politics for its department, 
and confifts of fix feclions, viz. analyfis of fenfations and 
ideas, morals, legiflature, political'economy, hiftory, and 
geography. The third clafs prefides over literature and 
the fine arts, confifting of eight feftions, viz. univerfal 
grammar, ancient languages, poetry, antiquities, painting, 
fculpture, architecture, and mufic. Several volumes of 
memoirs have been publiflied by each of the clafles. Every 
clafs meets twice in each week ; once every month the 
three clafles unite, and hold a general meeting to deli¬ 
berate on fuch affairs as relate to the general interefts of 
the Inllitute. The fenior of the three prefidents of the 
clafles then takes the chair; and aCts as prefident of the 
whole Inititute. 
The National Inllitute has four public quarterly meet¬ 
ings. Each clafs annually propofes two prize-queftions ; 
and, at thefe general meetings, the anfwers are made pub¬ 
lic, and the premiums dillributed. The united feftions 
of painting, fculpture, and architeflure, elect the pupils, 
who, at the expence of the nation, are to travel to Rome 
in order to ftudy the fine arts. Twenty young men are 
eleCled by the Inftitute to travel in France and in foreign 
countries, for the purpofe of lludying rural economy. 
Six members, alfo, of the Inftitute itfelf, are to travel at 
the public expence, in order to colled information, and 
to acquire experience in the different fciences. 
The apartments of the Inftitute are in the weft wing of 
the old Louvre. At the entrance is an elegant anti¬ 
chamber, leading to the hall of the Inftitute, which is ob¬ 
long, lighted by window's in each end, and hung with 
t^peftry. On one fide of this great hall is a fmaller apart¬ 
ment for the reception of the communications of corre- 
fpondents. The library, in three large apartments, con¬ 
tains about 16,000 volumes. The Inftitute has alfoa large 
room for a collection of machines and models. The pub¬ 
lic meetings are not held in the fame room as their parti¬ 
cular affemblies, but in another, more extenfive and 
beautiful, which formerly belonged to the Academy of 
Sciences. Both its Tides are adorned by two beautiful 
colonnades, and the ceiling is finely painted and decorated. 
Between the columns are fourteen beautiful marble fta- 
tues (feven on each fide) of the greateft and moll cele¬ 
brated men whom France has produced : viz. Conde, 
Tourville, Defcartes, Bayard,Sully, Turenne, Dagueffeau, 
L’Hopital, Roffuel, Duquefne, Gatinat, Van ban, and Fe- 
nelon. At the ends are two fitting figures of Pafcal and 
of Roliin. In the anti-chamber are the Hatties of Moliere, 
Racine, Corneille, La Fontaine, and Ivlontefquieu. The 
hall is extremely well-lighted by chandeliers and lilver 
lamps ; the floor is covered with a carpet; and tables are 
placed parallel to the four walls of the liali, at which the 
I N S 
members of the Inftitute take their places. There are 
particular places for the minifters of the republic, and fo¬ 
reign ambaffadors. The prefident is feated at the upper 
end of the hall; in the middle, and rather on one fide of 
him, is a tribune, or pulpit, from which whatever is pro- 
pofed is received by the prefident, who does not leave his 
chair. The place allotted for members is furrounded by 
a rail, between which and the walls, there is, round the 
whole hall, a row of benches, where the fpeftators (among 
whom are always many ladies) take their feats. The hall 
meafures 144 feet by 40, and is capable of accommodating 
upwards of a thouland perfons. 
It is not a little Angular that men of letters, chemifts, 
and mathematicians, are preferred and employed in every 
department of the French government; and that the In¬ 
llitute, and every thing appertaining to art and fcience, 
are eminently diftinguilhed and encouraged ; at the fame 
time that an inquifitorial police ftrikes terror into every 
family, and a general diftruft and want of confidence pa- 
ralyfes every private energy of the people; and commer¬ 
cial credit and trade are even in a worfe ftate in France 
than they are in England. We hail the period when the 
governments of England, France, and America, lhall 
unite in exciting a literary and fcientific competition 
among their fubjefls; and hope to furvive that iron age, 
in which, unhappily, the only competition has been in 
cutting of throats, and in arts of mutual injury and de- 
ftruflion. 
INSTITUTING,/ The aft of eftablilhing. 
INSTITUTION, / [Fr. iriftitutio, Lat.] Act of efta¬ 
blilhing. Eltablilhment; fettlement.—It became him by 
whom all things are, to be the way of falvation to all, that 
the infitution and reftitution of the world might be both 
wrought with one hand. Hooker. —Politive law.-—They 
quarrel fometimes with the execution of laws, and fome' 
times with the inflitution. Temple. —Education.—It is a ne- 
ceffary piece of providence in the. injlitution of our chil¬ 
dren, to train them up to fomewhat in their youth, that 
may honeftly entertain them in their age. Li Ef range. 
Institution, in law, is when a bilhop fays to a clerk, 
who is prefented to a church living, Injlituo te reElorem tails 
ecclefa, cum curd animarum, & accipe curam iuam & meam : 
or it is a faculty made by the ordinary, whereby a parfon 
is approved to be indufiled to a reflory or parfonage. If 
the bilhop upon examination finds the clerk prefented ca¬ 
pable of the benefice, he admits and inftitutes him. In¬ 
ftitution may be granted either by the bilhop under his 
epifcopal feal : or it may be done by the bilhop’s vicar- 
general, chancellor, or commifiary; and, if granted by the 
Vicar-general, or any other lubftitute, their afils are taken 
to be the a<fls of the bilhop. Alfo the inftruinent or let¬ 
ters teltimonial of inflitution may be granted by the bi¬ 
lhop, though he is not in his diocefe; to which lome wit- 
neffes Ihouid fubferibe their names. 1 Injl. 344. The bi¬ 
lhop by inflitution transfers the cure of fouls to the clerk ; 
and, if he refufeth to grant inftitution, the party may have 
his remedy in the court of audience of the archbilhop, by 
duplex querela, £?c. for inftitution is properly cognizable in 
the ecclelialtical court. Where inftitution is granted, and 
fufpected to be void for want of title in the patron, &c. a 
fuperinftitution hath been fometimes granted to another, 
to try the title of the prefent incumbent by ejeblment. 
2 Rol. Abr. z?.o. 4 Rep. 79. 
Taking a reward for inftitution incurs a forfeiture of 
double value of one year’s profit of the benefice, and 
makes the living void. 31 Eliz. c. 6 . On inftitution, the 
clerk hath a right to enter on the parfonage houfe and 
glebe, and take the tithes; but he cannot grant, let, or 
do any a,ct to charge them, till he is inducled into the 
living : he is complete parfon as to the lpiritualty by in¬ 
ftitution ; but not as to the temporally, &c. By the in¬ 
ftitution he is only admitted adojficium, to pray and preach ; 
and is not entitled ad beneficium, until formal induction, 
Plowd. 528. See Instalment. The church is full by in-. 
JUtutibn againlt ail common perfons, fo that, if another per- 
1 ion 
