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wards Rome, this antipope endeavoured to make his cf- 
cape from the city ; falling, however, into the hands of 
fome of Gregory’s friends, they deprived him of his fight, 
and cut off his nofe and ears. It is reported that the Ro¬ 
mans, before he was put to death, mounted the unhappy 
wretch upon an afs, with his face to the tail, and led 
him in this condition through the rtreets of the city, 
dreffed in a tattered facerdotal habit, forcing him as he 
went along to lay, “ Whofoever ihall dare to difpoffel's a 
pope, let him be ferved like me.” 
JOHN XVII. pope, furnamed Sicco, was a native of 
Rome, and of mean defcent according to fome writers, 
but fprung from an illuftrious and ancient family accord¬ 
ing to others. He was elected pope on the death of Sil- 
veiter II. in the year 1003, and died during the fame year, 
having preiided over the fee of Rome only between five 
and fix months. Some authors ftate, that from his time 
the people were deprived of the privilege of voting at 
elections of the fovereign pontiffs, which was afterwards 
confined to the clergy. 
JOHN XVIII. pope, whofe former name was Fafanus, 
was by birth a Roman, and elefted fucceffor to the fub- 
jeft of the preceding article, in December 1003. He pre- 
fided over the Roman church five years and five months, 
and died in 1009. We meet with no particulars concern¬ 
ing his pontificate which are deferving of being noticed, 
except his fending St. Bruno to preach Chriitianity to 
the Ruffians, and his terminating the fchifm which exifted 
between the eaftern and weftern churches. 
JOHN XIX. pope, originally called Romanus, was the 
fon of Gregory count of Tufculum, and brother of Bene¬ 
dict VIII. Upon the death of Benedict in the year 1014, 
Gregory’s influence and wealth procured the election of 
his other fon, who was then but a layman. At his ordi¬ 
nation he took the name of John XIX. In the begin¬ 
ning of his pontificate, the emperor Bafilius and the pa¬ 
triarch of Conftantinople lent an embafly to Rome, to ob¬ 
tain the pope’s confent that the patriarch of that imperial 
city fhould ftyle himfelf oecumenical or univerfal biftiop 
of the Eaft; and, as it was well known that all things 
were venal at Rome, the ambaffadors brought with them 
prefents of immenfe value, in order to render the pope 
.and the clergy favourable to the objebt of their million. 
They would have carried their point with the court of 
Rome, had not the clergy of Italy and France taken the 
alarm, and made fuch ftrong reprefentations to the pope, 
to divert him from complying with what they conceived 
to be an unjuft and infidious requeft, that he found him¬ 
felf obliged to difmifs the ambaffadors with a refufal, tell¬ 
ing them, that the title of univerfal biftiop became none 
but the fucceffors of St. Peter in the apoftoiic fee. In the 
year 1026, Conrad king of Germany, having entered Italy 
with an army, and reduced all the towns which had Shaken 
off the imperial yoke, went to Rome, where the pope 
crowned him emperor, and his queen Gifela emprefs, with 
the uf'ual folemnities, in the church of St. Peter. On this 
occaiion, Rudolph king of Burgundy, and Canute king 
England, who had undertaken a pilgrimage to Rome, 
were prefent. In a letter written to the bifhops of Eng¬ 
land, Canute informs them, that he had obtained from 
the emperor and the king of Burgundy an exemption 
from all tolls for fuch of his fubjefts as fliould pafs through 
their dominions either to trade or to viftt the holy places 
at Rome; and he adds, that, upon his complaint, the 
pope had promifed to moderate the exorbitant fums which 
were extorted from the archbiftiops when they went to 
Rome for their palls. John died in 1033, having held 
the Roman lee nine years and fome days. 
JOHN XX. pope, or XXI. according to the generality 
of ecclefiaftical writers, was a Portuguefe by nation, and 
born at Lifbon. His original name was Peter, and he 
was the fon of one Julian, a phyfician ; whence he was 
called Petrus Juhani. He became eminent for his ac¬ 
quaintance with the fciences, and particularly with medi¬ 
cine, the profelfion of which he followed for a time with 
H N. 
great reputation. Afterwards he devoted himfelf. to the 
fervice of the church; and, having entered into orders, 
obtained the archdeaconry, and fubfequently the archbi- 
fliopric, of Braga. In the year 126S, pope Gregory X. 
advanced him to the facred college, by the title of Car- 
dinal-bilhop of Tufculum. On the death of Adrian V. 
in 1276, he was elected to the pontifical dignity; when 
he took the name of John XX. or XXI. The firft act of 
his pontificate was to pafs a decree, revoking the famous 
constitution of Gregory X. which provides that the car¬ 
dinals Ihall be ftiut up in the conclave during the vacancy 
of the papal fee. Having much at heart the relief of the 
Chriftians in the Eaft, loon after his election he lent a le¬ 
gate into France, to procure them fuch fupplies as ftioukl 
enable them to retain the little which they ftill poffefled 
in the Holy Land; and he wrote to the kings of the Ro¬ 
mans, of Spain, and of Hungary, earneftly exhorting them 
to lay afide all animofities againft each other, and to join 
in the common caufe. He all'o fent nuncios to mediate a 
reconciliation between Philip the Bold of France, and Al- 
phonfo of Caftile, enjoining them to excommunicate ei¬ 
ther of the princes who Ihould not acquiefce in the terms 
of accommodation judged reafonable by the apoftoiic fee. 
Being attached to the ltudy of judicial aftrology, he be¬ 
came a complete dupe to that pretended fcience, and flat¬ 
tered himfelf that he Ihould live a longtime. The event 
foon Ihowed the abfurdity of his calculations ; for, hav¬ 
ing added a new room to his palacent Viterbo, the roof 
fuddenly fell in upon him, and fo bruifed him, that he 
died within a few days, after a pontificate of only eight 
months. He is faid to have (hewn great ignorance iff the 
management of temporal affairs ; but, at the fame time, 
to have been the kind benefactor of the poor; an encou- 
rager of learned men, in whofe company he always took 
delight, Of whatever rank or condition they might be ; 
and unbounded in the generality with which he reward¬ 
ed thole who excelled in any branch of literature. He is 
alfo faid to have been no friend to the monaftic orders, 
againft whom he was meditating a blow at the time when 
he was killed. He was the author of, 1. Summulas Lo- 
gicales, firft printed at Paris in 1487, folio. 2. Parva Lo- 
gicalia, in Partes & Capita diftinfta, firft printed at Ve¬ 
nice in 1593, 4to. 3. Traclatus Logicales VI. firft printed 
at Cologne in 1503, 4. A treatil'e In Phyjionomiam Arif- 
toteles ; fome medical treatifes, &c. One of his Letters, 
to Edward I. king of England may be feen in the tenth 
volume of the ColieCi. Concil. and four in Waddingus’s 
Anna!. Minor. 
JOHN XXI. or XXII. pope, formerly called James de 
Ossa, was a Frenchman by nation, and born at Cahors. 
According to fome writers, he was the fon of a tavern- 
keeper, ora cobler ; but others ftate that he was of noble 
defcent. He poffefled a tolerable fliare of learning, and 
confiderable abilities, which recommended him to the 
notice of Charles II. king of Sicily, who employed him 
in the management of ftate-affairs, in which he acquitted 
himfelf with reputation. King Robert raifed him to the 
dignity of chancellor of the kingdom of Sicily, and by 
his intereft at the court of pope Clement V. obtained for 
him the bifhopric of Frejus, whence he was afterwards 
tranflated to the fee of Avignon. Upon the recommen- - 
dation of the fame patron he was railed to the purple, in 
the year 1312 ; foon after which he was tranflated from 
the fee of Avignon to that of Porto. On the death of 
pope Clement V. in 1314, the cardinals, in all twenty- 
three, (hut themfelves up in the epifcopal palace at Car- 
pefftras, in order to proceed to the election of a fuccefl'or. 
This gave rife to moft violent contentions; the Italian 
cardinals being all for electing an Italian, or one who 
Ihould promife to fix his reiidence at Rome ; and the 
Frenchmen and Gafcons Striving to promote one of their 
own countrymen, who (hould refide in France. Thefe 
contentions lafted for fome months, without the lealt pro- 
fpeCt of their coming to any agreement; when the popu¬ 
lace, headed by the nephews of the late pope Clement, 
lurrounded 
