J O 
(if furrogate of Ms church, when in the year 564 the em¬ 
peror Juftinian depofed Eutychius, and fent him into 
exile, John was railed to the patriarchal fee of that city, 
which he held till his death in 578. He was the author 
of a Collection of the Cartons, arranged under fifty heads, 
according to the order of the fubjefls, which has been 
improperly afcribed to Theodoret; and of another Collec¬ 
tion of Civil and Ecclefiaftical Laws and Chapters. Thefe 
works were publilhed, in Greek and Latin, by Henry 
J u ft el 1 and William Voell, in the fecond volume of the 
Biblioth. Juris Canonici, 1622. 
JOHN of BAYEU'X, more commonly known by the 
name of John of Avranches, one of the molt illuftrious 
Gallican prelates in the eleventh century, was fir ft of all 
hilltop of Avranches, and afterwards promoted to the 
archiepifcopal fee of Rouen. He held a provincial coun¬ 
cil in the year 1074, at which feveral ftatutes were palled 
for the regulation of ecclefiaftical difeipline, which pro¬ 
voked the refentment of the lax and dilfipated clergy, 
who obliged him to feek his perfonal fafety in flight. 
Afterwards he was perfecuted by the monks of the abbey 
of St. Owen, who killed him in his country-houfe, to 
which he had retired in confequence of his infirm ftate of 
health, in the year 1079. Before this event, he had been 
permitted by pope Gregory VII. to relign his dignity. 
He was the author of a work On the Duties of Ecclefi- 
aftics, which was firft publilhed with notes, by John le 
Prevot, canon of Rouen. In the year 1679 it was re¬ 
printed at the fame place, by M. le Brun des Marettes, 
in oftavo, with the addition of fome curious documents. 
JOHN of SALISBURY, bilhop of Chartres in France, 
was born at Salilbury in Wilt fit ire, in the beginning of 
the 12th century. Where he imbibed die rudiments of 
his education is unknown; but we learn, that in the year 
1136, being then a youth, he was fent to Paris, where he 
itudied under feveral eminent profelfors, and acquired 
confiderable fame for his application and proficiency in 
rhetoric, poetry, divinity, and particularly in the learned 
languages. Thence he travelled to Italy ; and, during 
•his relidence at Rome, was in high favour with pope Eu- 
genius III. and his lucceffor Adrian IV. After his return 
to England, he became the intimate friend arid companion 
of the famous Thomas Becket, archbifhop of Canterbury, 
whom he attended in his exile, and is faid to have been 
prefent when 'that haughty prelate was murdered in his 
cathedral. What preferment he had in the church dur- 
ihg this time, does not appear; but in 1176 he was pro¬ 
moted by king Henry II. to the bilhopric of Chartres in 
France, where he died in 1182. This John of Salilbury 
was really a phenomenon. He was one of the firft re- 
ftorers of the Greek and Latin languages in Europe ; a 
claflical fcholar, a philofopher, a learned divine, and an ele¬ 
gant Latin poet. He wrote feveral books; the principal 
of which are, his Life of St. Thomas of Canterbury, a 
collection of letters, and Polycraticon. 
JOHN de MA'THA, a Romilh faint, firft patriarch 
and principal founder of the humane order inftituted for 
the redemption of captives, was born at Foucon, a town 
in the valley of Barcelonetta in Provence, in the year 
1160. He purfued his ftudies in the univerfity of Paris, 
where, after he had gone through his theological courle, 
he took the degree of doftor with, univerlal applaufe. 
The prodigious number of Chriltians who were made pri- 
foners by the Mahometans in Paleftine and Africa, to¬ 
wards the clofe of the twelfth century, luggefted to his 
mind the idea of forming a charitable religious inftitu- 
tion, the grand defign of which fhould be to find out 
means for reftoring them to liberty. In order maturely 
to digeft his plan, he a floriated with a hermit called Felix 
de Valois, who led an auftere and lolitary life at Cerfroy, 
in the diocefe of Meaux. Afterwards thefe aflbeiates 
went to Rome, where, in 1199, they obtained from pope 
Innocent III. a folemn approbation of their defign, and 
licence to receive difciples in order to form a new reli¬ 
gious order, under the name of the Fraternity of the Holy 
h n. m 
Trinity, who fhould be under an obligation to employ 
the third part of whatever revenues they might acquire, 
in the redemption of captives from the infidels. Their 
firft monaftery was built at Cerfroy; and was quickly fol¬ 
lowed by. many fimilar inftitutions and hofpitals, which 
the founders were enabled to ereri: in different parts of 
France, and alfo in Spain. The latterikingdom was vifit- 
ed by John de Matha, in order to pafs from thence to 
Barbary ; where he had the happinefs of delivering a hun¬ 
dred and twenty Chriftians from a cruel flavery, by the 
purchafe of their freedom. The laft two years of his life 
he fpent at Rome, devoting his time to charitable vifits 
to prifons, the afliftance and confolation of the lick, and 
other humane and pious objects. He died at Rome in 
1214, when he was about fifty-four years of age. The 
order of the Trinitarians received a (till greater degree of 
liability after the founder’s death, and its houfes increafed 
fo rapidly, that within forty years they amounted to about 
fix hundred. In France, the monks of this fociety were 
called Mathurins, from their having a monaftery at Paris 
eretted in a place where there was a chapel confecrated 
to St. Mathurin ; and fometimes Brethren of the Redemp¬ 
tion of Captives, from the leading object of their inftitu- 
tion. It is rather laughable, that in ancient records this 
fociety fhould be ftyled the Order of Afles, on account of 
the prohibition of the ufe of ltorfes, which made a part 
of their rule, and which obliged the mendicant monks to 
ride upon afles. Afterwards, through the indulgence of 
the Roman pontiffs, they were permitted to make ufe of 
horfes whenever they fhould be found neceflary. 
JOHN of RAGU'SA, a learned catholic prelate who 
flourifhed in the fifteenth century, was a- native of the 
city whence he derived his furname, and defeended from 
a family of rank. He entered when young among the 
preaching friars, and applied with fuch diligence to his 
ftudies, that he became one of the moll learned men of 
his time. In particular, he made a confiderable prog refs 
in an acquaintance with the oriental languages. Having 
come to Paris, he was admitted to the degree of doblor 
by the faculty of the Sorbonne. In the year 1426, he 
was appointed attorney-general of his order at the court 
of Rome, and was nominated by pope Martin V. one of 
his divines at the council of Bal'd. He prefided at that 
council in the year 1431. In the year 1433, he was the 
principal difputant, for eight mornings fuccelfively, again ft 
the dobtrines of tiie Huflites. Afterwards he was fent on 
different legations to Conltantinople, with the defign of 
bringing about an union between the eaftern and vveftern 
churches; in which he met with no better fuccels than 
his predecelfors in- that hopeleis fcheme. After his re¬ 
turn to Italy from his laft million on this bufinefs, he ob¬ 
tained a nomination to the fee of Argos, in the Pelopon- 
riefus. Whether he received this promotion from pope 
Eugenius IV. or his rival Felix V. has been dilputed by 
different authors. He is generally thought to have lived 
till after the year 1443 ; and fome writers ftate, that he 
was raifed to the purple. His Difcourfe pronounced in 
the Council of Bal'd againft the Huflites, is inlerted in the 
twelfth volume of the Collect. Coned, the Acts of his 
Legation to Conltantinople, are iriferted in the A6ts of 
the Council of Bafil 5 and An Account of his Travels in 
the Eaft is preferved by Leo Ailatius. Cave's Hiji. Lit. 
JOHN, furnamed de Dieu, a faint in the Roman calendar, 
and firft founder of that kind of charitable inftitutions 
for the relief of the fick which are called after his fur- 
name, was bom at Monte-major-el-Novo, a fmall city'in 
Portugal, in the year 1495. He was defeended from poor 
parents, without whole knowledge, when he was only 
nine years of age, he was perluaded by a monk to follow 
him into Spain. When they had arrived at the city of 
Oropefa in Caftile, the monk defected him ; upon which 
he was taken into the fervice of a benevolent perfon, who 
fent him to a houfe which he had in the country, to tend 
his flocks. He behaved fo well in the fervice of this maf- 
ter, that after fome years he offered to bellow on him his 
a . daughter 
