273 
J O V 
manner. Another Angular produfllon of Joubert’s was a 
Treatife on Laughter, .1-579, in which the fubjeft was 
confidered both morally and pliyfically, He extended 
his, refearches into the department of language, and 
printed along with the preceding work, a dialogue fur la 
Cacographk Franfoife, in which he expcfed the .faults of 
French -orthography. He wrote Hkewife on the baths and 
on the gymnaftic exercifes of the ancients. The greater 
part of his Latin works were collected in two volumes 
folio, Lyons, 1582. Moreri. 
JOU-CH'LOKE IN'LET, a large bay on the eaft coaft 
of Labrador: the entrance lat. 54. 30. N. Ion. 58,10. W. 
JOVE,/. Another name for the planet Jupiter: 
Or a(k of yonder argent fields above, 
Why Jove's latellites are lefs than Jove. Pope. 
JOUE', a town of France, in the department of the In- 
dre and Loire': three miles fouth of Tours. . 
JOUE' DU PLAIN, a town of France, in the depart¬ 
ment of the Orne : five miles fouth-weft of Argentan. 
JOU'GUE, a town of France, in the department of the 
Doubs : eight miles fouth of Pontarliers, twenty-two eaft- 
fouth-ealt of Salins. 
IOU' 1 , f. A reilorative alimentary liquid prepared in 
Japan. It is made from the gravy of half-roafted beef; 
but the other ingredients are kept a fecret. 
JO'VIAL , adj. [Fr. ovialis, Lat.] Under the influence 
of Jupiter.—The fixed liars are aftrologicaliy differenced 
by the planets, and are efteemed martial or jovial, accord¬ 
ing to the colours whereby they anfvver there planets. 
Broom. — Gay; airy; merry.—Some men, of an ill and 
melancholy nature, incline the company, into which they 
come, to be fad and ill-difpofed; and contrariwife, others 
of a jovial nature difpofe the company to be merry and 
cheerful. Bacon. 
Perhaps the jell: that charm’d the fprightly crowd, 
And made the jovial table laugh fo loud, 
To forne falie notion ow’d its poor pretence. Prior. 
JO'VIALIST,/ A merry fellow; a jovial companion. 
JO'VIALLY, adv. Merrily; gaily. 
JO'VIALNESS, f. Gaiety; merriment. 
JO'VIAN, Roman emperor, born about A. D. 331, was 
the fon of count Varronian, a native of Singidunum in 
Pannonia. He was brought up to arms, and obtained fo 
much reputation as a commander, that, although a declared 
Chriftian, the emperor Julian would not fuller him to 
refi.gn, upon his offering to do it, rather than quit his re¬ 
ligion. A comely perlon,a cheerful temper, and familiar 
manners, rendered him a favourite with the foldiers, who 
could eafily pardon his irregularities with refpefl: to fen- 
fual plealures. On the death of Julian, in his rafh and 
unfortunate expedition againft the Perfian empire, June 
363, Jovian, then firft of the domeftics, was nominated to 
the purple by the tumultuary acclamations of the foldiery, 
and the eleftion was confirmed by the generals. No one 
was ever raifed to the throne under more critical circum- 
flances. The Roman army, diftrefled and difpirited, was 
retreating from the enemy’s country towards its own 
frontiers, purfued and continually haraffed by a much 
fuperior force. After repulfing a fierce attack, he led his 
army to the banks of the Tigris, where, while he was me¬ 
ditating a paiTage, a negociation was opened with the 
Perfian general. Jovian’s fituation admitted little dilpute 
on conditions, for his provifions were exhaufted during 
the courfe of the treaty, and % he was ftill fome days’ 
march from the Roman territory. Prefled by neceflity 
and the clamours of his own troops, he agreed to yield 
the five provinces beyond the Tigris, which had been 
ceded by the grandfather of Sapor, the prefent Perfian king, 
together with the ftrong city of Nil!bis, and fome for- 
trefles. A truce for thirty years was concluded between 
-the two empires ; and the Roman army was allowed to 
return uninolefled. The news of this difgraceful treaty 
was .received with grief and indignation throughout the 
J O V 
empire; but it Teems unjuft to charge the memory of Jo¬ 
vian with a difafter of -which the rafhnefs of his predecef- 
lor was the caufe. It does not appear that the emperor 
and his army had any other chance for fafety than fub- 
mifiion to the enemy’s terms ; nor is there any probabi¬ 
lity that Julian himfelf, had he lived, though undoubted¬ 
ly fuperior to Jovian in talents and resolution, could-have 
extricated himfelf at a cheaper rate. Jovian faithfully 
performed the conditions, of'-which the mod painful to 
liis feelings mull have been the delivering up of Nifibis 
to the haughty foe, who obliged all the inhabitants to 
quit their native place, and become forlorn exiles. 
The new emperor commenced his reign with a public 
declaration of his Chriftian faith, and the re-eftablilhment 
of that religion, which was henceforth to enjoy an unin¬ 
terrupted triumph over heathenifm. On arriving at An¬ 
tioch, he difplayed his attachment to the orthodox doc¬ 
trine, by reftoring all the churches to the adherents of 
the council of Nice, and recalling the exiled bilhops of 
that party, efpecially the great Athanafius, whom he treat¬ 
ed with particular refpeft. At the lame time, in order to 
quiet the minds of his fubjefts of the old religion, he if- 
fued a decree of toleration, permitting the exercife of all 
the ceremonies of the pagan worfliip, excepting magical 
rites alone. Fearing left his atffence from the feat of go¬ 
vernment might produce difturbances or competitions, he 
left Antioch in the winter-feafon, and proceeded for Con- 
ftantinople He caufed fome ornaments to be added to 
the tomb of Julian at Tarfus, as he parted ; and it is pre- 
futned few will now concur with the ecclefiaftical writers 
of the age who have blamed this liberality. At Ancyra 
he aflumed the title and enligns of the confullhip, and 
conferred the fame upon his infant fon. His life and 
power, however, came to a clofe at Dadaftana, an obfeure 
town between that city and Nice. After indulging in a 
plentiful fupper, he retired to reft, and was found dead 
in his bed the next morning, Feb. 17, 364.. His death 
was imputed either to the effects of an over-loaded fto- 
mach, or to the vapour of charcoal with which his cham¬ 
ber was warmed. He was then in the thirty-third year 
of his age, and the eighth month of his reign. Univerfal 
Hijiory, 
JO'VIANISTS, J. In church hiftory, a feft who denied 
the virginity of the mother of our Lord. 
JOVIN'IAN, an Italian monk in the fourth century, 
who was perfecuted for oppofing the progrefs of fuperfti- 
tion, and the erroneous notions then propagating in the 
church. If we are to believe St. Jerome and St. Augnf- 
tine, he fpent the former part of his life in the practice 
of the greateft aufterities, going barefooted, living upon 
bread and water, covered" with a tattered black garment, 
and earning his livelihood by hard labour; but that af¬ 
terwards he changed his manners, renouncing his aufte¬ 
rities, and abandoning himfelf to every kind of pleafure 
and debauchery. We are not to forget, however, that 
thole fathers, aud Jerome in particular, were accuftomed 
to paint the perfons whom they Ityle heretics in the 
blackeft colours, in order to prejudice the people more 
effectually againft their doftrine ; and it is not unfair 
to fuppofe, that the infamy and reproach which they have 
endeavoured to attach to the name of Jovinian, are to be 
attributed to the zeal with which he oppofed the fuper- 
iiitious practices and irrational doftrines for which they 
were advocates. He taught, firft at Rome, that all thole 
who kept the vows which they made to Chrift at their 
baptifm, and lived according to the rules of piety and 
virtue laid down in the gofpel, had an equal title to the 
rewards-of futurity; and that, confequently, thofe who 
parted their days in unfocial celibacy, and levere mortifi¬ 
cations and fallings, were in no refpeft more acceptable 
in the fight of God than thofe who lived virtuoufly in 
the bonds of marriage, and nouriflied their body with 
moderation and temperance. On account of his propa¬ 
gating thefe judicious opinions, which many began to 
adopt, complaint was lodged againft him before pope Sy- 
licius, 
