305 
IRELAND. 
from the pope a confecrated plume, compofed, as his ho- 
linefs declared, of the feathers of a phoenix, addrefled a 
manifefto to the Irifh nation, earneftly exhorting them to 
arm for the catholic religion, the defence of which he 
pledged liimfelf never to abandon ; and alluring his coun¬ 
trymen that no allegiance could be due to a fovereign 
depofed by excommunication for herefy by the fupreme 
pontiff. He all'o addrelfed a letter, figned by himfelf and 
other Irifh lords, to the pope, by the title of the Father 
of Spirits upon earth, acknowledging themfelves his fub- 
jefts, and imploring his afiiftance. His holinefs was fo 
delighted, that he publifhed a bull granting to prince 
Hugh O’Nial, and his confederates, the fame l'piritual in¬ 
dulgences which were ufually conferred on thofe who 
fought againft theTurks for the recovery of the Holy Land. 
Charles Blunt, lord Mountjoy, a man of military ge¬ 
nius, literary attainments, and poiilhed manners, had fuc- 
ceeded Effex in the government of Ireland. Miftaking 
refinement for effeminacy, O’Nial rejoiced at the appoint¬ 
ment of a commander who he thought would lofe the fea- 
fon of aftion while his breakfaft was preparing. In this 
■opinion he foon found himfelf deceived. Entering Dub¬ 
lin in February 1600, Mountjoy immediately proceeded 
northward ; placed garrifons in Dundalk, Ardee, Kells, 
Newry, and Carlingford, to awe the inhabitants of thofe 
diftrifts ; and drove O’Nial from his entrenchments be¬ 
tween Armagh and Newry. Thefe fuccefsful operations 
had fuch an effeft on the feeble Irifh, that many deferted 
Tyrone, and feveral chiefs applied to the deputy for par¬ 
don and protection. In a fecond expedition to the north, 
Mountjoy again diflodged O’Nial from his entrenchments, 
demoliflied his works, and repulfed him with great (laugh¬ 
ter in an attempt to oppofe his return by Carlingford. 
Meanwhile, fir George Carew, prefident of Munfter, was 
afting in that province with equal vigour and addrefs. 
With an army of 3000 infantry and 350 horfe, he had to 
oppofe a far fuperior force under the rebel chiefs. Florence 
Mac Arthy, dignified by Tyrone with the title of Mac 
Arthy More, was at the head of 3000 men ; James Fitz- 
Thomas, whole claim of the earldom of Defmond was 
likewife fancfioned by Tyrone, and who was thence de¬ 
nominated in derifion by the loyal Irifh, the Suggan earl, 
or the earl of Straw, was followed by formidable numbers ; 
and thefe were reinforced by 5000 mercenaries from Con¬ 
naught, under Redmond de Burgh and Dermot O’Con¬ 
nor. Carew negleded no opportunity of difuniting thefe 
chiefs by the infufion of mutual jealoufies, of gaining 
fome by promifes, and circumventing others by the 
treachery of their own adherents. By thefe means, and 
the fuccefs of his military operations; the prefident foon 
reduced the whole province to obedience, and a general 
pardon, offered by the queen, with fome exceptions, was 
joyfully received. The Suggan earl was delivered up by 
a chieftain, ftyled the White Knight, on whole lands he 
had concealed himfelf, and fent to London, together with 
Mac Arthy More, who, after reconciling himfelf with the 
government, was feized on the difcovery of treafonable 
practices. 
Such was the ftate of affairs in the fouth when the long- 
menaced invafion from Spain at length took place. In 
September 1601, don Juan de Aquila landed at Kinfaie 
with about 6000 men, the principal part of his force, 
while the reft of the armament was driven by a ftonn in¬ 
to the bay of Baltimore. With an army fcarcely equal 
to that of the invaders, the deputy marched againft them, 
and befieged them in Kinfaie. He had taken the caftle 
of Rincorran, near the town, and was continually advanc¬ 
ing his approaches, when he received information that 
O’Donnel was in full march to affift the Spaniards with 
troops from Connaught and Leinfter, and that he was 
followed by O’Nial with the flower of the northern in- 
furgents. Carew was ordered to march with part of the 
troops to intercept the former, while Mountjoy profe- 
cuted the fiege with the remainder: but the Irifh leader, 
eluding his opponent, penetrated into Munfter. The de- 
Vgl. XI. No. 755. 
puty, however, pufhed the fiege with vigour,^and was re¬ 
inforced by feveral bodies of loyal Irifh. On the other 
hand, a new armament of fix vefl'els from Spain landed 
2000 men at Caftlehaven ; and the intelligence of other 
expeditions preparing to follow, held out fuch encourage¬ 
ment to the difaffefted who had fubmitted or hitherto re¬ 
mained neuter, that the ijifurreftion became general in 
Defmond, Kerry, and all the country weftward of Kin¬ 
faie and Limeric. Admiral Levifton, after landing a fup- 
ply of 2000 troops at Cork, attacked the Spanifh fleet in 
Caftlehaven, and deftroyed fome of their ihips; but re¬ 
ceived fo much injury from a battery on-fhore, that he 
was obliged to go into harbour to refit. O’Donuel joined 
by the Spaniards from Caftlehaven, and O’Nial with the 
troops from Uifter, occupied fuch pofitions as to blockade 
the deputy’s forces by land, and muff have completely 
deftroyed them by perfifting in that mode of warfare; but 
were prevailed on by the Spanifh general to advance and 
attack the Englifh. The deputy, leaving Carew to con¬ 
tinue the fiege, boldly marched with only 1200 infantry 
and 400 cavalry to meet the far-fuperior army of the i»- 
furgents. The latter, furprifed and intimidated at this 
unexpected movement, and the mafterly difpolition of the 
troops, halted, retired, again halted, and offered battle. 
Being furioufly charged by the deputy, the cavalry fled ; 
the vanguard was routed after fome refiftance, and the 
Spaniards, being abandoned, fell bravely fighting, except 
a few, who with Ocampo their leader lurrendered. The 
main body commanded by O’Nial next gave way, and the 
rear, under O’Donnel, fled without fighting. This afto- 
nifliing victory, achieved with very little lofs to the royal 
army, was fo deftruCtive to the vanquilhed, that 1200 
were left dead on the field, and 800 were wounded. De 
Aquila, miftaking the volleys fired by Mountjoy’s troops, 
on account of their fuccefs, for fignals of the approach of 
his Irifh allies, now fallied from the town ; but, feeing 
the Spanifh colours in the pofleflion of the Englifh, he re¬ 
tired, and, indignant againft confederates who had fuf- 
fered themfelves to be fo difgracefully defeated, he made 
propofals to capitulate. Very honourable terms were 
granted to the liigh-fpirited Spaniard, who, on receiving 
the firft fummons to furrender, had challenged Mountjoy 
to Angle combat. By the articles of capitulation, all for- 
trefles in Ireland held by Spanifh troops were evacuated ; 
but Daniel O’Sullivan, an Irifli chief, having feized the 
fort of Dunboy at Berehaven, de Aquila, with a nice fenfe 
of honour, offered his fervice for its reduction previous to 
his departure, but it was politely declined, and the place 
ftormed by Carew after an obftinate defence. 
The expectation of other Spanifh armaments, and the 
exhortations of popifh fanatics, Hill kept alive the flames 
of rebellion, which raged with fuch fury in Munfter, 
that all the royalifts who fell into the hands of the infur- 
gents were burned as heretics, while the captives of the 
latter were hanged as traitors. Confounded at length by 
the vigilance and activity of Carew, they either threw 
themfelves on the mercy of the government, or fought 
refuge elfewhere. Mountjoy proceeded in a fimilar man¬ 
ner in the north, harafling and ravaging the lands of the 
adherents of Tyrone, who in his flight burned a fecontf 
time his town of Dungannon. By the erection of the 
fortreffes of Charlemont and Mountjoy, the diftrefles of 
the wretched infurgents were completed: fuch multitudes 
perifhed of hunger, that the roads were every-where co¬ 
vered with dead bodies; the mod hideous refburces were 
adopted by many for the prolongation of a miferable ex- 
iftence, and mothers are reported to have even flaughtered 
their children for food. Reduced to this melancholy fitu- 
ation, the followers of Tyrone daily deferted their van¬ 
quilhed leader, whofe alliance was all'o renounced by the 
r.ew chief of Tyrconnel, Roderic, the brother of Hugh 
O’Donnel, who after the fatal battle of Kinfaie had fled 
for refuge to Spain. In this hopelefs ftate of his affairs, 
O’Nial fued for pardon with fincerity: but Mountjoy was 
perplexed by the contradictory inftruftions received from 
4 I Elizabeth, 
