317 
IRELAND. 
do, the moft violent oppofers of the roy.nl authority, and 
the principal promoters of republican fuccefs. Galway 
was the only town of importance that remained to be re¬ 
duced, when freton was carried olf in November by a 
peftilential difeafe at Limeric; and the'fall of that place, 
in May 165?., was haftened by the diflenfions which liill 
raged with unabated violence among the infatuated ca¬ 
tholics. Clanricarde, flying from Galway, and finding 
himfelf entirely deferted, at length capitulated with the 
republicans, who allowed him liberty to tranfport himfelf 
and 3000 of his countrymen into the fervice of any power 
not holtile to the Englilh commonwealth. 
On the death of I reton, the command of the Englifh 
troops had devolved on general Ludlow, whofe Severities 
{truck the Irifh with difmay. He was foon fuperfeded by 
Fleetwood, who had married Ireton’s widow, and who, 
on his arrival, found the country completely reduced,- 
and the people every where Submitting to the terms irn- 
pofed by the viftorious republicans. High.courts ofjuf- 
tice were erefied in the feveral provinces for the trial of 
inen accufed of maffacres; and two hundred were fen- 
tenced to death. In Ullter, where the moll numerous and 
horrid murders had been perpetrated, none remained for 
legal punilhment, but fir Phelim O’Nial. This chieftain, 
after the arrival of his brother Owen, had funk into ob- 
fcurity ; but towards the conclufion of the war had again 
rifen into notice, and afforded fome alfillance to Clafiri- 
carde. His followers being finally difperfed, he concealed 
himfelf in a fequeftered ifland, where he was feized by lord 
Caulfield, fon of the very nobleman whom he had treache- 
roufly made prifoner in the caftle of Charlemont, and 
whom his barbarous adherents had afterwards put to 
death. Repeatedly offered his life, liberty, and eft,ate, 
on condition of his producing any proof that.he had re¬ 
ceived a comtniffion from the king for his infurreflion, 
he acknowledged the forgery, and perfifted to the laft mo¬ 
ment of his life in denying that he had ever been autho- 
rifed by his majefty ; declaring that he would not, by a 
calumny againft the king, augment the load which already 
oppreffed his confidence. See p. 310. 
The war was now terminated in Ireland, but its hide¬ 
ous effects were long vifible. The (word, with famine 
and peftilence, its too frequent attendants, had reduced 
great part of the ifland to a dreary fiolitude ; and ficarcely 
a houfie was left (landing except within the walls of towns. 
Forfeited lands were afiigned for adventurers and the 
payment of the arrears of the army. Under the direction 
of Edmond Ludlow, Miles Corbet, John Jones, and 
John Weaver, who in 1653 were alfociated with Fleet- 
wood, by the title of commiffioners of parliament, courts 
were eftablifhed for the decifion of claims within a limited 
time. Connaught was refierved exclufively for the Irifh 
who were to be confined within that province by the Shan¬ 
non and a chain of garrifions. 
While thefe arrangements were forming, Oliver Crom¬ 
well, who had ufiurped the fovereign power under the ti¬ 
tle of Protestor, fent his fiecond fon, Henry, to Ireland, 
to examine into the ftate of affairs. Pie found the com- 
miflioners guilty of enormous frauds, and the courts of 
judicature fhamefully mifmanaged. The commiffioners 
were difiplaced. By a fiyftem of government by which the 
protestor intended to unite the Britifh iflands into one 
commonwealth, thirty members of a new parliament were 
fummoned from Ireland. Fleetwood was appointed lord- 
deputy for three years, and had a new council affigned 
him. Among other inftruftions tranfmitted to this ad- 
miniftration, was an order to difipenfe with the tranfpor- 
tation of the Irifh to Connaught. This indulgence, equally 
politic and humane, was a fubjeft of great diflatisfaflion. 
To guard againft the propagation of this fpirit, Cromwell 
commanded that the only printer then in Dublin fhould 
not fufter any publication to iffiue from- his prefs, till it 
had been infpe&e.d and approved by the clerk of the 
council. 
Henry Cromwell, who, had returned to England after 
Vol. XI. No. 756. 
he had executed the commiffion entrufted to him by lu> 
father, was again fent to Ireland, firlt as a military officer, 
and afterwards with the appointment of lord-deputy in 
Fleetwood’s place. Notwithftanding the difficulties with 
which he had to ftruggle from the difcontents prevailing 
in the arjny, the exhausted ftate of the country, and the 
negleit of Ireland by theEnglifh government, this deputy 
found means to conciliate the minds of ,the people whom 
he governed, to fuch a degree, that addreifes. were traul-. 
mitted from every county, exprefting their refplution to 
adhere to the protestor, againft all who from private ani- 
mofity fhould attempt to re-kindie the flames of difeord,.. 
Such indeed was the temper and ability with which be 
adted, that Cromwell declared, that himfelf might receive 
inftruftions from his fon. On the death of Oliver in 1658„ 
Henry was confirmed in his government, with the title of 
lord-lieutenant, by his brother Richard ; but. On the re¬ 
moval of the latter from his high flation, commiffioners 
were appointed to affuiiie the civil government of Ireland, 
while the command of the military force was conferred 
on Ludlow. Apprehenfive left the lord-lieutenant fhould 
avail himfelf of his power and popularity, to retain his 
(filiation by force, the commiffioners employed fir Hard refs 
Waller to furnrife the caftle of Dublin ; hut Henry, too 
generous to hazard the public tranquillity for private 
ends, had determined to refign ; and retired from his admi- 
niftration fo poor, that he could not immediately procure 
money to defray the cxpences of his voyage to England. 
The intrigues, which, ir. the unfettled ftate of public 
affairs, began about this time to be fet on foot, were en¬ 
couraged by the,arbitrary proceedings of Ludlow and the 
commiffioners, who difrniffed from fervice upwards of 
two hundred military officers, without trial or allegation 
of crime, and without reward for their long and painful . 
dlfcharge of duty. Among thefe were lord Broghili and 
fir Charles Coote, who with many others matured a plan 
for the reftoration of royalty in Ireland. The caftle of 
Dublin was furprifed; Jones, who had fucceeded Ludlow 
as commander-in-chief, was imprifoned with two of his 
colleagues3 while Coote, fecuring Galway aqd Athlone, 
inarched to Dublin, and accufed Ludlow and the commii- 
fioners of high-treafon. At the fame time other parties 
of royalifts made themfelves mafters of Youghail, Clonmel, 
Carlow, Limeric, and Drogheda ; f'o that in one week al- 
moft the whole of the kingdom was in their hands. A 
council of officers affumed the temporary government; 
and, though the caftle of Dublin was retaken by fir Har- 
dre.fi Waller, who had formed a plan for feizing the 
Council, it was reduced in a fiege of five days, and Wal¬ 
ler fent prifoner to England. Such was the ftate of af¬ 
fairs in Ireland, at the reftoration of monarchy in 1660. 
The firlt msafure of the new government was the ap¬ 
pointment of three lords juftices : fir Maurice Euftace, 
lord-chancellor; lord Broghili, created earl of Orrery; and 
fir Charles Coote, elevated to the peerage as earl of Mon- 
trath. The next ftep was the reftoration of epii'copacy. 
The four archbifhoprics and twelve bifnoprics were filled 
with the moft eminent of the-clergy of Ireland, in oppo- 
fition to the prefbyterians, who had petitioned the king 
for the eftablifhment of their fyftem. As the ftate of pro¬ 
perty had. become involved in the utmoft perplexity and 
confufion, during near twenty years of anarchy, by for¬ 
feitures, feizures, and grants, as well by the claims of the 
old proprietors as of new adventurers, and ot the foldiers 
who had received no compenfation for long and painful 
fervices during the rebellion, a declaration of fettlement 
was prepared, and in 166s a parliament was convened for 
the purpofe of difeuffing and palling it into a law. The 
catholics, who confidered themfelves highly aggrieved by 
the provifions of the bill of fettlement, lent agents to ad¬ 
vocate their caufe with the king; but thefe men behaved 
with fuch violence and indecency, that one of them was 
committed to the Tower, and the other forbidden to-ap- 
pear again at court. 
In 1662, Ormond, who had been created a duke, be- 
4 M ing 
