K A 
thefe Ideas are fecnred to its, fufficiently for all moral 
purposes, under the Category Moral Liberty. As fpecula- 
tive reafon tranfcends the limits of Time and Space, it 
eafily entangles itfelf in contradictions, which it is the 
proper bufinefs of a Critic of this faculty to explain. 
Critic of Rational Pfycology. 
The foie bufinefs of Rational Pfycology is to myefti- 
gate the Idea of abfolute fubfance , or that which thinks; 
i. e. the Soul. I think , therefore, I am fubftance. Ra¬ 
tional Plycology Rates-, according to the Table of the Ca¬ 
tegories, that 
x. (Of Relation.) The Soul is Subftance. 
2. (Of Quality.) The Soul is Simple. 
3. (Of Quantity.) The Soul is One, (identical.) 
4. (Of Modality.) The Soul Hands in relation to ob¬ 
jects in Space. 
It is remarkable, that, in all thefe judgments, the origi¬ 
nal nfe of underflanding is entirely wanting ; confequently, 
they are all perfectly unintelligible. Firft, in the pofition 
the Soul is Subjiance, there is no original ufe of underftand¬ 
ing fubjlance, which pofites a permanent in fpace, hav¬ 
ing properties that fill up time. A fubftance is an Exter¬ 
nal Intuition that fills up Space and Time. But we can¬ 
not fay, of th e Human Soul, that it is a Subftance; for this 
would imply that there could exift a Subftance in Space 
yet without filling it, which experience contradicts : there¬ 
fore, the pofition “ the Soul is Subftance" is falfe accord¬ 
ing to the Dogmatical life of Underftanding. Secondly, 
The Soul is Simple. This pofition likewife has no original 
ufe of underftanding, Reality, for its bafis ; for every 
Reality mult confift of parts that fill up Time; that is, 
have a beginning, middle, and end, and be ftriCtly com- 
pofed : therefore, the fecond Judgment is alfo falfe. 
Thirdly, The Soul is One. This pofition is likewife falfe ; 
for how can that which is neither a fubftance nor a reality 
be one, many, or all ? This pofition wants the original 
ufe of underftanding. Quantity, Laftly, The Soul Jlands in 
Thesis. 
1. The World has a beginning in Time, and bounds in 
Space. 
For at every given inftant all Time which preceded is 
elapl'ed ; therefore the world mujl have had a beginning. 
At any given inftant in thought, I embrace all exifting 
objefts in Space. But, as they all exift, they mult be 
countable 5 confequently, the world mujl be bounded in Space. 
Thesis. 
2. All the Subftances in the World confift of Simple 
Parts; and there is nothing that exifts but thefe Simple 
Parts, and that which is compofed of them. 
For, if fomething exifts as complex, annul all compo- 
lition, and the fimple mult remain; otherwife nothing at 
all would remain. Therefore, nothing but fimple beings exif 
in the world. 
Thesis. 
3. Every thing that happens in the world cannot be ex¬ 
plained from the univerfal laws of Nature. It is ftill ne- 
cefi'ary to aflame a caufe that is free, in order to explain 
them. 
Whatever happens muft have a Caufe; but, as this caufe 
is alfo an event, fince it happened, it muft alfo have a Caufe ; 
but, if there were no Firft Caufe entirely independent, the 
•whole feries would be without a Caufe, which would be a 
contradiction- Therefore there muf be a Firf Caufe. 
Thesis. 
4. There exifts an abfolutely-neceflary Being, who is 
either the Firft Caufe of every thing that exifts in the world, 
or himfelf a part of the world, r 
N T. 619 
relation to objeBs in Space. This judgment is alfo falfe ; for 
how can that which is neither one, many, nor all, which 
is neither Subftance nor Reality, be in relation to things in 
Space ? All thefe judgments are conlequently a mere play 
of thoughts, and want intelligibility. Thefe judgments do 
not arile from experience ; no examples are to be found in 
experience correfponding with them. Confequently, they 
are not conceptions derived from intuitions. But, exclu- 
five of Conceptions and Intuitions, there is nothing in the 
Human Mind but Ideas-, therefore, the Soul mutt be an 
Idea of Reafon. On this account it is exempt from the 
conditions of Time and Space, to which all Intuitions and 
Conceptions are limited. 
The Idea of the Soul is formed by pare Speculative 
Reafon; from the Category Subfance, carried to the ablo- 
lute. It confequently wants the intelligibility of an objeCt 
of underftanding, which is in Time and Space. But, al¬ 
though it wants Theoretical Intelligibility, it does not want 
Pradical Validity ; for this is fecured to it by Practical 
Reason. 
Critic cf Rational Cofmology. 
The Idea of Rational Cofmology fprings from Pure 
Speculative Reafon, by carrying the Category Caufe and 
Fjfecl to the abfolute, by the Hypothetical profyllogifm. 
It muft here be remarked, that the chief propofttion in this 
mode of inference muft always confift of two diftinCt judg¬ 
ments ; one confidered as Caufe, and the other as ElfeCt. 
Therefore, in treating of Rational Cofmology, a Paralo- 
gifm of Reafon take place; which, by neglecting the ori¬ 
ginal ufe of underftanding, has the appearance of Intelli¬ 
gibility. But thefe cofmological Ideas are not unintelligi¬ 
ble ; they are counter-intelligible ; for the giving out a P'irft 
Caufe as the abfolute condition of a whole feries, or confi- 
deringthe whole feries of caufes and effeCts taken together 
as abfolutely unconditioned, both run counter to the origi¬ 
nal ufe of underftanding, which ftates, that the caufe ic 
only neceflary on account of the effedt; and converfely. 
Antithesis. 
1, The World has no beginning in Time, and ho 
bounds in Space. 
For, if we ftate that the world had a beginning in time, 
a time muft have preceded this beginning when the world 
was not. But empty time is nothing ; therefore the world can- 
have no beginning, but is in refpeCt to time infinite. 
If the world were bounded with refpeCt to fpace, there 
would bean empty fpace which furrounds it; but empty 
fpace is nothing ; therefore the world cannot be bounded, but is 
in refpeCt to fpace infinite. 
Antithesis. 
2. No Subftance in the World confifts of Simple Parts 5 
and there is nothing exifting that is fimple. 
For every complex fubftance exifts in Space; but filed 
fpace is the fubftance itl’elf. As fpace is complex, the fub¬ 
ftance that fills the fpace muft be complex. Therefore no 
fubfance in the world conffs offmplc parts. 
Antithesis. 
3.. There is no liberty in the world ; but every thing; 
happens ftriCtly according to the laws of Nature. 
For, if there were a Firft Caufe, it muft alfo have been 
an event; as fuch, it muft previoufty have had a Caufe. 
That is to fay, there can be no abfolutely Firft Caufe, or 
there would be an event without a caufe, which is abfurd. 
Therefore there is no Firf Caufe, and confequently no li¬ 
berty in the world. 
Antithesis. 
4. There exifts no abfolutely-neceflary Being, either in 
the world or out of it,.as its Firft Caufe. 
j Wfaafeves 
