70S KNIGH 
Even in our days we fee ftatues and paintings reprefent- 
ing St. Janies with the efcallop-fhells as conftantly as we 
find St. John with an eagle, St. Lawrence with a gridiron, 
and St. Barbara with a tower, in the works of ancient 
painters and fculptors. This badge was held in fuch high 
efteem, that, by a bull of Alexander IV. it was ordered, 
that none fhould be allowed to wear the efcallop but 
knights, priefts, and nuns, who were nobly defcended. In 
1560 king Philip II. of Spain declared that the knights 
might wear an efcallop-fhell hanging to a gold chain, 
not to a ribbon or a cordon ; and that the efcallop fhould 
be made of gold or filver, and not of cryftal or any pre¬ 
cious (tone. In 1449, the mafterfhip of the order becom¬ 
ing vacant by the death of Don Alonzo, king Ferdinand 
and his queen Ifabella obtained a bull from pope Alexan¬ 
der VI. to fecure the mafterfhip to the crown. Charles 
V. did not neglefl the interefts of the order, and prided 
himfelf upon the title of grand mafter; and thus this 
dignity remained conftantly veiled in the Spanifh mo¬ 
narch. The laft eftablifhments, regulations, and inftitutes, 
which were framed for this order, bear date in the year 
3600, under the reign of Philip III. 
Several authors have mentioned a fuppofed order of the 
Ladies of St. James of the Sword ; but it appears that they 
had in view «thofe afl'ociations of females which placed 
themfelves under the proteflion and followed the rule of 
the order of that name. They ufed to wear a black habit, 
and the red fword embroidered upon it. Thofe circum- 
flances were fufficient to caufe the miftake ; but, when we 
confider how ridiculous it would be to allow the exiftence 
of an equeftrian order of religious women, or female 
knights, we are obliged to refer thofe orders of nuns to 
the common eftablifhments of that kind. 
XXVII. The Order of Calatrava, in Spain. The 
name Calatrava was given to a cattle in Andalufia, on the 
frontiers of Caftile and Toledo, on account of the many 
Chriftians which were detained in it when taken from the 
Moors, who held it about four hundred years; this con- 
queft, and a molt important one, as the caftle flood in a 
commanding fituation, had been achieved, in 714, over 
Don Rodrigo king of Spain ; and on that occafion the 
Spaniards called it the “ Caftle of Fetters,” Calatrava ; 
from the Arabic word cala, a caftle, and trava, irons, fet¬ 
ters, manacles, (in French, enlraves.) On the recovery 
of this caftle, Sanchio III. king of Caftile, inftituted the 
ordernow fo called. Don Alphonfo, furnamed the Emperor 
of Spain, gave it to the Knights Templars ; but, finding 
themfelves unable to refill the ftrength of the Moors, they 
were foon obliged to defert it. Upon this, Sanchio the 
fon of Alphonfo iflued a proclamation, fetting forth that 
he would make a gift of the caftle to whofoever would 
take upon themfelves to repair and defend it. 
For a long time, intimidated by the Moors, no one pre- 
fented himfelf, till at laft Don Raymond of Barcelona, 
an illuftrious knight, and abbot of St. Mary di Fitero, of 
the Cillertian Order, in Navarre, came forward and ac¬ 
cepted the royal offer. He entered, fortified, and main¬ 
tained, the caftle with fuch bravery and perfeverance, that 
the king, according to his folemn promife, by his charter 
of donation, dated 1158, gave it to God, to the Virgin, and 
to Don Raymond and his brethren, prefent as well as fu¬ 
ture ; to poflefs by right of inheritance. Don Raymond, 
finding that his eftablilhment in the caftle and village of 
Calatrava was likely to be permanent, and that the foil 
around it was very fruitful, brought there 20,000 men and 
their families, from the neighbourhood of his monaftery 
and other countries ; and thereby made the place fo ftrong, 
that the Moors never afterwards attempted to befiege it. 
The order was approved by pope Alexander III. and 
by Innocent III. in 1199. At the firft inllitution the 
knights wore their robes and fcapulars (a kind of Hole 
which covers part of the fhoulders and hangs before and 
behind) of a white colour according to fome, and black 
according to Sanfovin and Genebrand, as did the Cifter- 
tian monks; and on the breaft a plain red crofs. But 
T H O O D. 
pope Benedift XIII. in 1396 allowed them to lay a Me 
the monaftic habit, and afiigned them a crofs flory. An¬ 
ciently the knights were forbidden to marry; but, confi- 
dering the hardfliips of fuch a reftraint, Paul III. releafed 
them of their vow of celibacy, and permitted them to mar¬ 
ry once ; a circumftance that will not excite any furprife 
when it is recollefted that many of the early Chriftians 
made it a matter of confcience not to marry twice, and 
that there are fome ancient canons which forbid ecclefi- 
aftics being prefent at fecond marriages. 
Ferdinand and Ifabella governed the order with the ti¬ 
tle of Administrators, and ordered that it fttould undergo a 
thorough reformation. After feveral difputes upon the 
rights of election and mafterlhip, this dignity was ulti¬ 
mately and perpetually annexed to the crown of Caftile 
and Leon. The badge is a crofs flory gules, worn on the 
breaft pendent to a ribbon. See Plate I. 
The religious order of Calatrava for Ladies, if it may be 
called an order, was inftituted by Don Gonzales Yannes in 
1219. The badge was the fame as the one afligned for the 
knights. 
XXVIII. The Order of the Wing of St. Michael, 
in Portugal. In the year of our Lord 1172, Albarac the 
Moor, king of Seville, having collected a confiderable 
army, was on the point of attacking Alphonfo king of 
Portugal, “when,” lays Afhmole after Marquez, “the 
archangel Michael appeared on the king’s right fide, and 
fought againft the Moors, in confequence of a mod fervid 
prayer which the king had juft addrefled to him. Such 
an apparition, of courfe, gave an extraordinary ftimulus 
to the Chriftian army, and the Moors were completely de¬ 
feated. Soon afterwards, the triumphant king being re¬ 
turned home, he inftituted this order. The badge is 
a red fword, crofted with fleur-de-lis; and the motto, Quis 
ut Deus? “Who is like God ?” the tranflation of the He¬ 
braic words of which the name of the archangel is com- 
pofed. Mendo fays that the badge confifts of a purple 
wing irradiated with gold. One of the principal duties 
of the knights was to relieve widows and orphans; and 
they were under the rule of St. Benedict. The order 
has been long laid afide, yet the mafterlhip remains with 
the king of Portugal. 
XXIX. The Order of St. Julian de Pereyro, or of 
Alcantara, in Spain. It was inftituted at Pereyro in 1156, 
under the protection of Ferdinand II. king of Leon, and 
ratified as a religious order by pope Alexander III. in 
1177, at the requeft of Gomez Fernandez, the firft prior 
or grand mafter. The king of Spain is fovereign of this 
order, which was in great eftimation before the troubles 
which are now defolating the peninfula. The ancient 
badge was a pear-tree, un peral verd, in allufion to the 
denomination of the town where the inllitution took 
place. 
As Don Alphonfo IX. had taken from the Moors the 
town of Alcantara in the kingdom of Caftile, anno 1213, 
he gave it to Don Martin Fernandez de Quintana, the 
twelfth grand mafter of the order of Calatrava. But after¬ 
wards this city was bellowed upon Don Nun of Fernandez, 
the third mafter of St. Julian de Pereyro, and his military as 
well as ecclefiaftical companions ; and they became fubjefls 
of the order of Calatrava upon feveral conditions which were 
wifely and impartially regulated for the welfare and good- 
underftanding of the united orders. The mafterlhip was 
annexed to the royal crown of Caftile by pope Adrian VI. 
The prefent badge confifts of a crofs fleury of gold, enamel¬ 
led vert, and worn pendent to a broad ribbon. See Plate L 
XXX. The Order of Mont-Joye. The knights of 
this order took their denomination from a mountain in 
the environs of Jerufalem, where they at firft refided. In 
the year 11S0, they patted into Spain, and had their infli- 
tution confirmed by pope Alexander III. under whofe pa¬ 
pacy feveral of thefe military and religious afl'ociations were 
created. The caufe of their removal from Paleftine was 
an invitation which they received to come and oppofe 
their well-known courage to the frequent attacks of the 
3 Moors } 
