ITALY. 4 5$ 
Sus meanrrefs. He took advantage of tins temper; and by 
a change of fortune, hitherto unknown to the German em¬ 
perors,, he found a ftrong party in Italy, when abandoned 
in Germany. All Lombardy took up-arms againft the pope, 
while he was railing all Germany againlt the emperor. 
Gregory, on the other hand, made life of every art to get 
another emperor elefted in Germany; and Henry, on his 
part, left nothing undone to perfuade the Italians to ele6t 
another pope. The Germans chofe Rodolph duke of Swa¬ 
bia, who was folemnly crowned at Mentz; and Gregory, 
helitating on this occafion, behaved truly like the fupreme 
judge of kings. He had depofed Henry, but ftill it was 
in his power to pardon that prince; he therefore affefted 
to be difpleafed that Rodolph was confecrated without 
his order; and declared, that he would acknowledge as 
emperor and king of Germany, him of the two competi¬ 
tors who (hould be mod fubmiffive to the holy fee. 
Henry, however, trufting more to the valour of his 
troops than to the generality of the pope, let out ; imme¬ 
diately for Germany, where he defeated his enemies in fe- 
veral engagements; and Gregory, feeing no hopes of fub- 
miffion, thundered out a fecond fentence of excommuni¬ 
cation againlt him, confirming at the fame time the elec¬ 
tion of Rodolph, to whom he fent a golden crown, on 
which the following well-known verfe, equally haughty 
and puerile, was engraved : Petra dedit Petro ; Petrus dia- 
dema Rodolpho. This donation was all'o accompanied with 
a molt enthuliaftic anathema againlt Henry. After de¬ 
priving him of Jlrength in combat, and condemning him ne¬ 
ver to be vidorious, it concludes with the following remark¬ 
able apoltrophe to St. Peter and St. Paul: “ Make all men 
fenlible, that, as you can bind and loofe every thing in 
heaven, you can alfo upon earth take from or give to every 
one, according to his deferts, empires, kingdoms, princi¬ 
palities; let the kings and the princes of the age then in- 
ftantly feel your power, that they may not dare to defpife 
the orders of your church ; let your jultice be fo fpeedily 
executed upon Henry, that nobody may doubt but he 
falls by your means, and not by chance.” 
In order to avoid the effe&s of this fecond excommu¬ 
nication, Henry afTembled at Brixen, in the county of 
Tyrol, about twenty German bilhops; who aflingalfo for 
the bilhops of Lombardy, unanimoully refolved, that the 
pope, inllead of having power over the emperor, owed 
him obedience and allegiance; and that Gregory VII. 
having rendered himfelf unworthy of the papal chair by 
his conduct and rebellion, ought to be depofed from a 
dignity he fo little deferved. They accordingly degraded 
Hildebrand; and elefled in his room Guibert, archbifhop 
of Ravenna, a perfon of undoubted merit, who took the 
name of Clement III. Henry promifed to put the new 
pope in poffeffion of Rome ; and accordingly, having de¬ 
feated and difperfed all his enemies in Germany, (fee 
vol. viii. p. 476.) he fet out for Italy. The gates of Rome 
being fhut againlt him, he was obliged to attack it in 
form. The fiege continued upwards of two years ; Henry 
during that time being obliged to quell fome infurreblions 
in Germany. The city was at length carried by afiault, 
and with difficulty faved from being pillaged ; but Gre¬ 
gory was not taken; he retired into the caltle of St. An¬ 
gelo, and thence defied and excommunicated the con¬ 
queror. The new pope was, however, confecrated with 
the ufual ceremonies; and exprelfed his gratitude by 
srowning Henry, with the concurrence of the Roman fe- 
nate and people. Meanwhile the fiege of St. Angelo 
was going on : but, the emperor being called about fome 
affairs in Lombardy, Robert Guifcard took advantage of 
his abfence to releafe Gregory, who died foon after at Sa¬ 
lerno. His laft words borrowed from the Scripture, were 
worthy of the greateft faint: “I have loved jullice, and 
hated iniquity; therefore I die in exile!” 
Henry, however, did not enjoy all the advantages which 
might have been expe&ed from the death of Gregory. 
The fubfequent popes trod in the paths of their predecef- 
for. In 1101, Pafcal II. excited young Henry to rebel 
again!! his father. The emperor did all in his power to 
diffuade him from proceeding to extremities, but in vain. 
The young prince perfifted in his rebellious intentions; 
and, having by feigned fubmiffions prevailed on the em¬ 
peror to dilband his army, he treacheroully feized and 
confined him. Henry, however, found means to efcape, 
and attempted to engage all the fovereigns of Europe in 
his quarrel; but, before any thing effectual could be done, 
he died at Liege in the year 1106. 
The difpute about inveftitures was not terminated by 
the depofition and death of Henry IV. His fon Henry V. 
purfued the very fame conduct for which he had depofed 
Iris father. Pafcal oppgfed him with violence; upon 
which Henry gave him Sn invitation into Germany, to 
end the difpute in an amicable manner. Pafcal did not 
think proper to accept of this invitation ; but put him¬ 
felf under the protection of Philip I. king of France, who 
undertook to mediate between the contending parties; 
His mediation, however, proved ineffectual; and Henry 
was prevented by the wars in Hungary and Poland from 
paying any farther attention to the affair of invefti¬ 
tures. At laft, having fettled his affairs in Germany, he 
took a refolution of going to Rome, in order to fettle the 
difpute perfonally with the pope. In the event, (fee 
vol. viii. p.477.) he forced Pafcal to renounce the right 
of inveftiture, and folemnly fwear never to relume it; 
but he broke his oath as foon as Henry was gone, and 
fulminated a fentence of excommunication againlt hiiir^ 
In 1114 died the countefs Matilda, who had bequeath¬ 
ed all her dominions to the pope, as we have already ob- 
ferved ; but Henry, thinking himfelf the only lawful heir,, 
alleged, that it was not in Matilda’s power to alienate her 
eftates, which depended immediately on the empire. He 
therefore fet out for Lombardy, and fent ambaffadors to 
the pope, befeeching him to revoke the fentence of ex¬ 
communication above-mentioned. Pafcal, however, would 
not even favour the ambaffadors with an audience-; but,- 
dreading the approach of Henry himfelf, he took refuge 
among the Norman princes in Apulia. Henry arrived 1 at 
Rome in 1117 ; but, being foon after obliged to leave it 
in order to fettle fome affairs in Tufcany, the pope re¬ 
turned to Rome, but died in a few days. On the third 
day after his deceafe, cardinal Cajetan was elected his fuc- 
celfor, without the privity of the emperor, under the name 
of Gelafius II. The new pope was inltantly depofed by 
Henry; who fet up the archbilhop of Prague, under the 
name of Gregory VIII. Gelafius, though fupported by 
the Norman princes, was obliged to take refuge in France,, 
where he died; and the archbilhop of Vienna was defied- 
by the cardinals then prefent under the name of Calix- 
tus II. 
The new pope attempted an accommodation with Hen¬ 
ry; which not fucceeding, he excommunicated the em¬ 
peror, the anti-pope, and his adherents. He next fet out 
for Rome, where he was honourably received; and Gre¬ 
gory V III. was forced to retire to Sutri, a ftrong town- 
garrifoned by the emperor’s troops. Here he w'as befieged 
by Calixtus and the Norman princes. The city W'as loon 
taken, and Gregory thrown into prifon by his compe¬ 
titor-; but at laft, the ftates of the empire, being quite 
wearied out with fuch a long quarrel, unanimoully fup- 
plicated Henry for peace. He referred himfelf entirely to 
their decifion ; and, a diet being affemhled at Wurtzburg, 
it was decreed that an embally Ihould be immediately 
fent to the pope, defiling that he would convoke a gene¬ 
ral council at Rome, by which all difputes might be de¬ 
termined. This was accordingly done, and the affair of 
inveftitures at length regulated in the following manner, 
viz. That the emperor Ihould leave the communities and 
chapters at liberty to fill up their own vacancies, without 
bellowing inveftitures with the crofs and ring; that he 
Ihould reftore all that he had unjuftly tauten from the 
church; that all elections Ihould be made in a canonical- 
manner, in prefence of the emperor or his commiffaries; 
and whatever difputes might happen Ihould be referred- 
4 ®. 
