4()0 'I T '1 
to the decifion of the emperor, a (lifted by the metropoli¬ 
tan and hjs ftuffragrans ; that the p’erfon elefted fhpuld 
receive from the emperor the inveititure of the fiefs and 
fecular rights, not with the crofts, blit with the ftceptre; 
and fhonld pay allegiance-to him for thefte rights only. 
After the death oft Ilenry, the nTual diftorderstook place 
in Italy ; during which, Roger duke of Apulia conquered 
the illand oft Sicily, and- alfunied the right of creating 
popes, of whom there were two at that time, viz. Inno¬ 
cent II. and Aeacletus. Roger drove out the former., 
and Lothario.emperor of Germany the latter, forcing Ro¬ 
ger himfelf at the fame time to retire to Sicily. The em¬ 
peror then conducted Innocent back to Rome in triumph; 
and, having fubdued all Apulia, Calabria, and the reft of 
Roger’s Italian dominions, erefted them into a principa¬ 
lity, and bellowed it, with the title of duke, upon Renaud, 
a German prince, and one of his own relations. 
In the reign of Conrad III. who fucceeded Lothario, 
the celebrated factions called the Guelphs and Ghibelines , 
arofe, which for many years deluged the cities of Italy 
with blood. They took their origin during a civil war 
in Germany, in which.the enemies of the emperor were 
ityled Guelphs, and tiis friends Ghibelines ; and thefe names 
were quickly received in Italy, as well as other parts of 
the emperor’s dominions. Of this civil war many oft the 
cities in Italy took the advantage to fet up.for themfelves; 
neither was it in the power of Conrad, who daring his 
whole reign was employed in unfuccefsful cruftades, to re¬ 
duce them; but in u j8, Frederic Barbaroffa, fucceffor to 
Conrad, entered Italy at the head of a very numerous and 
weU-difciplined ’army. His army was divided into feve- 
ral columns, for the conveniency of entering the country 
by as many different routes. Having paffed the Alps, he 
reduced the town of Brefcia ; where lie made feveral falu- 
tary regulations for the prefervation of good order and 
military difcipline. Continuing to advance, lie befieged 
Milan, which, furrendered at difcretion. He was crowned 
king of Lombardy at Monza; and, having made himfelf 
mafter of all the other cities of that country, he ordered 
a minute inquiry to be fet on foot concerning the rights 
of the empire, and exacted homage of all thole who held 
of it, without excepting even the bilhops. Grievances 
were redreffed ; magiftrates reformed ; the rights of rega¬ 
lity difcuifed and afcertained; new laws enafted for the 
maintenance of public tranquillity and the encourage¬ 
ment of learning, which now began to revive in the fchool 
of Bologna; and, above all, fub-vaflals were not only pro¬ 
hibited from alienating their lands, but alfo compelled, 
in their oath to their lords paramount, to except the em¬ 
peror nominally., when they fwore to ferve and aflift them 
againft all their enemies. 
Frederic having fent commiffaries to fuperintend the 
election of new magiftrates at Milan, the inhabitants were 
io much provoked at this infringement of their old pri¬ 
vileges, that they inftulted the imperialifts, revolted, and 
refufed to appear before the emperor’s tribunal. This he 
highly refented, and refolved to challile them feverely; 
for which purpofe he lent for a reinforcement from Ger¬ 
many, which loon after arrived with the emprefs, while 
ye himfelf ravaged Liguria, declared the Milanefe rebels 
to the empire, and plundered and burnt the city of Crema, 
■which was in alliance with that of Milan. 
In the mean time, pOpe Adrian IV. dying, two oppofite 
fa&ions defied two perfons known by the names of Vic¬ 
tor IT. and Alexander III. The emperor’s allies neceflarily 
acknowledged the pope chofen by him; and thofe princes 
who were jealous of the emperor acknowledged the other. 
Victor II. Frederic’s pope, had Germany, Bohemia, and 
one half of Italy, on his fide; while the reft fubmitted to 
Alexander III. The emperor took a fevere revenge on 
his enemies: Milan was razed from the foundation, and 
fait llrewed on its ruins; Brefcia and Placentia were dif- 
mantled ; and tke other cities- which had taken part with 
them were deprived of their privileges. Alexander III. 
however, who had excited the revolt, returned to Rome 
L Y. 
after the death of his rival ; and at his return 'the civil 
war was renewed. The emperor caufed another pope, 
and after his death a third, to be defied. Alexander then 
lied to France, the common afylum of every pope who 
was oppreffed by the emperors; but the flames of civil 
difeord which he had raifed continued daily to lpread. 
3 n 1168, the cities of Italy, fupported by the Greek em¬ 
peror and the king of Sicily, entered into an alfociation 
for the defence of their liberties ; and the pope’s party at 
length prevailed. In 1176, the imperial army, worn out 
by fatigues and difeafes, was defeated by the confederates, 
and Frederic himfelf narrowly efcaped. About the fame 
time, he was defeated at fea by the Venetians; and his 
eldeft fon Henry, who commanded his fleet, fell into the 
hands of the enemy. The pope, in honour of this vic¬ 
tory, failed out into the open fea, accompanied by the 
whole lenate; and, after having pronounced a thoufand 
benedictions on that element, threw into it a ring as a 
mark of his gratitude and affeftion. Hence the origin df 
that ceremony which was annually performed by the Vene¬ 
tians, under the notion of efpouiing the Adriatic. Thele 
misfortunes difpofed the emperor towards a reconciliation 
with the pope; but, reckoning it below his dignity to 
make an advance, he rallied his troops, and exerted him¬ 
felf with fo much vigour in repairing his lofs, that the 
confederates were defeated in a battle; after which he 
made propofals of peace, which were now joyfully accept¬ 
ed, and Venice was the place appointed for a reconcilia¬ 
tion. The emperor, the pope, and a great many princes 
and cardinals, attended ; and there the emperor, in 1177, 
put an end to the difpute, by acknowledging the pope, 
killing his feet, and holding his ftirrup while he mounted 
his mule. This reconciliation was attended with the fub- 
miflion of all the towns of Italy which had entered into 
an affociation for their mutual defence. They obtained 
a general pardon, and were left at liberty to ufe their own 
laws and forms of government, but were obliged to take 
the oath of allegiance to the emperor as their fuperiot 
lord. Calixtus, the anti-pope, finding himfelf abandoned 
by the emperor in confequence of this treaty, made alfo 
his fubmiffion to Alexander, who received him with great 
humanity; and, in order to prevent for the future thofe 
difturbances which had fo often attended the elections of 
the popes, he called a general council, in which it was 
decreed, that no pope ftiould be deemed duly elefted 
without having two-thirds of the votes in his favour. 
The affairs of Italy being thus fettled, Barbaroffa re¬ 
turned to Germany; and, having quieted fome difturb¬ 
ances which had arifen during his abfence in Italy, at lift 
undertook an expedition into the Holy Land ; where hav¬ 
ing performed great exploits, he was drowned as he was 
fwimming in the river Cydnus, in the year 1190. He 
was fucceeded by his fon Henry VI. who at the fame time 
became heir to the dominions of Sicily by the right of 
his wife, daughter of William king of that country. Af¬ 
ter fettling the affairs of Germany, the new emperor 
inarched with an army into Italy, in order to be crowned 
by the pope, and to recover the fucceflion of Sicily, which 
was ufurped by Tanered, his wife’s natural brother. For 
this purpofe, he endeavoured to conciliate the affections 
of the Lombards, by enlarging the privileges of Genoa, 
Pifa, and other cities in his way to Rome; where the ce¬ 
remony of the coronation was performed by Celeflin III. 
on the day after Eafter in the year 1191. The pope, then 
in the 86th year of his age, had no fooner placed the 
crown upon Henry’s head than he kicked it off again, as 
a tellimony of the power refiding in the fovereign pon¬ 
tiff to make and unmake emperors at his pleafure. 
The coronation being over, Henry prepared for the 
conqueft of Naples and Sicily ; but in this he was oppol'ed 
by the pope; for though Celeflin confldered Tanered as 
an ufturper, and defired to fee him deprived of the crown 
of Sicily, which he claimed as a fief of the fee, yet he was 
much more averfe to the emperor’s being put in pofieftion 
of it, as that would render him too powerful in Italy for 
1 the 
