4()4 
ITALY. 
of Italy fiiould pay .lilm an annual tribute. In this order 
he comprehended the kingdom of Naples, to which he was 
going to make good his claim of fuperiority by arms, 
when he died at Benevento in 1313, as is commonly fup- 
pofed, of poifon given him by a Dominican friar, in the 
confecrated wine of the facrament. 
The efforts of Henry VII. were unable to reftore the 
imperial power in Italy. From this time the authority of 
the emperor in that country confided in a great meafure 
in the conveniency which theGhibelines found in oppof- 
ing their enemies under the fanftion of his name. The 
power of the pope was much of the fame nature. He was 
lefs regarded in Italy than in any other country in Chrif- 
tendom. There was indeed a great party who called 
themfelves Guelphs ; but they affedfed this diftinttion only 
to keep themfelves independent of the imperialifts ; and 
the dates and princes who called themfelves Guelphs paid 
little more acknowledgment to his holinefs than fhelrering 
themfelves under his name and authority. The moll def- 
perate wars were carried on by the different cities againft 
each other; and in tliefe wars CaftruccioCaftruccani, and 
fir John Hawkwood an Englifhman, are celebrated as he¬ 
roes. A detail of tliefe tranfaftions would furnifh mate¬ 
rials for many volumes; but after all feems to be but of lit¬ 
tle importance, f ace nothing material was effected by the 
utmoli efforts of valour, and the belligerent dates were 
commonly obliged to make peace without any advantage 
on either fide. By degrees, however, this martial fpirit 
fubfided; and in the year 1492, the Italians were fo lit¬ 
tle capable of refifting an enemy, that Charles VIII. of 
France conquered the kingdom of Naples in fix weeks, 
and might eafily have fubdued the whole country, had it 
not been for his own imprudence. Another attempt on 
Italy was made by Louis XII. and a third by Francis I. 
as related under the article France, vol. vii. p. 696, 698. 
In the reigns of Louis XIII. and XIV. an obdinate war 
was carried on between the French and Spaniards, in 
which the Italian dates bore a very confiderable fhare. 
The war concluded in 1660, with very little advantage to 
the French, who had been always unfuccefsful in their 
Italian wars. The like bad fuccefs attended them in that 
part of the world, in the war which commenced between 
Britain and Spain in the year 1740. But the particulars 
of tliefe wars, with regard to the different dates of Italy, 
naturally fall to be confidered under the hidory of thofe 
Hates in which the country was till lately divided. 
No period of the hidory of Italy has been of more im¬ 
portance, or afforded a more rapid fuccefiion of extraor¬ 
dinary events, than that which has elapfed fince the com¬ 
mencement of the French revolution. In 1792, Savoy 
was overrun by the French, and formally annexed to the 
new republic. In 1796 and 1797, Corfica was added to 
France, and the whole of the north of Italy, and the Ro¬ 
man dates, were alfo fubdued and revolutionized after the 
model of the French government which then prevailed. 
See France, vol. vii. p.819-823, 829, 830. Cisalpine 
Republic, vol. iv. p. 616. Ligurian and Roman Re¬ 
publics. 
By the peace of Campio Formio, in 1797, the date of 
Venice was totally overthrown, and its territories were di¬ 
vided between the Cifalpine Republic and the emperor of 
Germany., who erefled his portion into a new province, 
\mder the name of Maritime Audria. In the beginning of 
J799, Naples, Piedmont, and Tufcany, fhared the fate of 
the reft of the peninfula, and were likewife new modelled 
in the democratic form, by the appellations of the Neapo¬ 
litan, Etrufcan, and Piedmontefe, Republics. The kings 
of Sicily and Sardinia were obliged to take refuge in the 
iflands fo named; the papal hierarchy itfelf was over¬ 
thrown, and pope Pius VI. carried prifoner to France, 
where he died not long afterwards. In confequence, how¬ 
ever, of the recal of the French army in Italy, for the pur- 
pofe of being lent on the expedition to Egypt, and the 
rapid fucceffes of the Audrian, Ruffian, and Britiffi, arms. 
the new republics erected in this peninfula were quickly 
overthrown, and the old forms of government redored in 
1 799 - 
On the return of Bonaparte from Egypt in 1799, things 
once more experienced a confiderable change; though 
they were by no means carried to fo high a democratic 
pitch as before; that general having, on his elevation to 
■the fupreme power in France, adopted a very different 
ifydem of politics from what he formerly profelfed. The 
Cifalpine Republic was indeed redored in 1800 ; and was, 
with fome acceffion of territory, transformed into the Ita¬ 
lian Republic. The following new divilion of this date, 
into twelve departments and forty-fix diltriCts, was pub- 
lilhed on the 13th of May 1801. 
Departments. 
Agogna - - 
Lario 
Glona - - 
Serio 
Mella 
Upper Po 
Mincio 
Crodolo - 
Panaro - 
Lower Po - 
Reno - 
Rubicon 
D if! riels, 
f Novara - 
I Vigevano 
Domo d’Offola - 
| Varallo - - - 
l^Arona - - - 
C Como - - - 
J Varefe - 
j Sondrio - - - 
[ Lecco - - - 
f Milan - 
I Pavia - - - - 
4 Monza - - - 
^Gallarate - - - 
( Bergamo 
J Clufone - 
4 Treviglio 
|_Breno - - - 
f Brefcia - - 
I Chiari - 
J Verola - - - 
j^Salo - - - 
{ Cremona - - - 
Crema - 
Lodi - - - - 
Cafal Major - - 
{ Mantua - - - 
Rovero - - - 
Verona - 
Cadiglione - - 
f Reggio - - - 
^ Mafia and Carrara 
{ Modena - 
Cadelnuovo - - 
{ Ferrara - 
Comacchio - - 
Rovigo - 
r Bologna - - - 
J Imola - - - - 
3 Cento - - - 
^Vergato - 
rCefena - 
| Forli - - - - 
j Faenza - 
\ Ravenna - 
I Rimini - - - 
l^Pefaro - 
Population. 
- 73> 0 4 2 J 
- 95,562 I 
- 4°,849 y 
- 48,2851 
- 89,475j 
- 118,4651 
- 89,371 ! 
88,641 r 
- 75>4 1 7 J 
- 217,80-4 
- 11 9,!°5 l 
- 78,202 r 
- 111,120 J 
- 137,2614 
- 41,361 I 
- 75,217 [ 
- 40,303 J 
- 145,035 1 
- 58,852 I 
- 69,901 r 
- 59,837 J 
- 110,642! 
- 86,039! 
- 85,307 r 
- 79,°9I J 
- 83,0254 
- 80,178 I 
- 81,575 r 
- 45,551 J 
137,1871 
42,608 j 
*5°,9441 
49,226 J 
109,9471 
45,603 l 
7U950 J 
180,148 4 
116,728 I 
71,142 r 
53,823 J 
68,046-1 
39,253 ( 
52,286 1 
47,252 f 
62,736 | 
35>273j 
Capitals. 
- Novara. 
Como. 
Milan. 
Bergamo. 
Brefcia 
Cremona, 
Mantua. 
Reggio. 
Modena. 
Ferrara. 
Bologna. 
Cefena. 
A few days after the battle of Marengo, in July 1801, 
the Ligurian Republic was alfo redored, but the Etrufcan 
was erected into a monarchy, by the ftyle of the kingdom 
of Hetruria, and given to a prince of the houfe of Parma. 
See Hetruria, vol. ix. p. 831. The greater part of the 
patrimony of St. Peter was redored to the pope, and a 
concordat entered into with Pius VII. Peace was made 
between the French republic and the king of the Two 
Sicilies, and Piedmont and Montferrat were annexed to 
France. 
This order of things was not oflong duration. Bona¬ 
parte, having afl'umed the title of Emperor of France in 
1 * 1805, 
