I T J 
783s, converted the Italian republic into a monarchy, of 
which he proclaimed and crowned himfelf king; and an¬ 
nexed the Ligurian republic, with Genoa its capital, to 
the already colollal dominions of France. See vol. vii. 
p. 866, 7. Thefe indications of a plan of unbounded ag¬ 
grandizement alarmed the yet remaining independent 
powers of the continent. Auftria and Ruflia united to 
curb the ambition of the ruler of France; but the diiaftrous 
battle of Aufteriitz put an end to the fliort ltruggle, and 
Aultria was obliged to purchafe peace by the ceflion of 
Venice to the kingdom of Italy. Naples, which had been 
perfuaded to join the coalition againlt the conqueror, was 
next deftined to feel his vengeance. A French army was 
lent into that country, which was gradually reduced; the 
reigning family, as ufual, fought refuge in Sicily; and 
Jofeph Bonaparte was appointed by his brother to the 
vacant throne. In tSo8, Hetruria was returned with the 
fame facility as it had been bellowed, and declared an 
integral part of the French empire. The pope was at the 
lame time deprived of the fovereignty ot the Ecclefiattical 
State, which he had till then been fuifered to retain; and, 
on the 2ilt of May, 1808, the papal territories were for¬ 
mally annexed to the kingdom of Italy, and declared to 
conftitute the three new departments of the Metauro, Mu- 
fone, and Tronto. 
By a decree dated Offtober 10, 1809, it is direfled, that 
the kingdom of Italy fhall form fix military divifions; the 
firlt to comprehend the departments of Agogna, Coni, 
Lario, and Adda, and the head-quarters to be at Milan ; 
the fecond to confift of thole of Mella, Serio, and Upper 
Po ; the third, of the Mincio and the Lower Po, head¬ 
quarters Mantua; the fourth, of the Reno, Rubicon, Pa- 
naro, and Croftolo, head-quarters Bologna ; the fifth, of 
the Metauro, Mufone, and Tronto, head-quarters Ancona; 
and the fixth, of the Bocchiglione, Brenta, Piava, Taglia- 
inento, Adriatic Sea, and Palferiana, head-quarters Venice. 
The treaty of Schonbrunn, which lucceeded the new 
and unfortunate conflict in which Aultria was once 
more engaged, transferred to France all the polfelfions yet 
remaining to the former power in Italy. This tract of 
coalt, compofing the provinces of lltria, Fiume, the Lit- 
torale, and Dalmatia, was incorporated with other con¬ 
tiguous countries ceded at the fame time, under the name 
of the Illyrian Provinces, (fee vol. x. p. 850 ;) fo that now 
the whole of this peninfula virtually forms but a fubordi- 
nate member of the gigantic empire of France. 
By a decree of the 5th of Augult, 1811, “the territories 
belonging to the kingdom of Italy, which are fituated on 
the left bank of the Enza, are united to France. The 
territories belonging to the empire, which are fituated on 
the right bank of the Enza, are united to the kingdom of 
Italy. The courfe of the river Enza, from its mouth to 
its fource, lhall therefore be the boundary between France 
and Italy. From the fource of the Enza, the boundary 
fhall proceed along the fummit of the Apennines to the 
prefent frontier of the Garfaguana, and of the ancient 
Tufcany. The boundaries ot ancient Tulcany lhall be 
preferved ; at the fame time the territory of the ancient 
imperial fief of Vernio lhall be united to France. The 
canton of Gordinovo and Villafranca, dependent upon the 
kingdom of Italy, but encloled ufithin the French terri¬ 
tory, are united to France. The boundary between the 
kingdom of Italy and the Illyrian provinces fiiall follow 
the courfe of the Ifonzo, from its mouth to its fource. 
From the fource of the Ifonzo towards the north, the 
boundary lhall lkirt the territory of Weilfenfels and Tar- 
vis, which lhall belong to the kingdom of Italy ; and then 
lhall proceed by the fummit of the Julian Alps, eaft and 
weft, to the frontiers of the Tyrol.” 
GENERAL VIEW and PRESENT STATE. 
Italy, taken in the aggregate, prefents fuch a variety of 
fcenery, decorated with fuch noble architeflure, and ve¬ 
nerable remains of ancient art, amidft a climate generally 
ferene, though liable to violent rains, and fuch delicious 
Vox. XI. No, 768. 
L L Y. 4 65 
tints of aerial perfpeflive, that the painter of landfcape 
is enraptured, and can render but feeble juftice to the 
pielurefque features and glowing hues of nature. Tu the 
northern divilion the fublime fcenery of the Alps is con- 
trailed with the fertile plains, through which many clafi- 
fical ftreams glide into the Po. In the centre there are 
many marlhes and Handing waters, which occafion what 
is called the mal aria , or a pernicious dillemperature of 
the air; but the varied ridge of the Apennines and the 
beautiful profpefts of Florence and Tivoli excite univer- 
fal admiration. A great part of the kingdom of Naples 
is mountainous, but the country generally beautiful ; yet, 
in addition to the fiery eruptions of Vefuvius and Etna, 
it is expofed to the terrible effects of frequent earthquakes; 
and the enervating firocco, or dqvaftating wind. 
Italy is interfered with rivers in aimoft every direction, 
of which the Po is by far the mod extenfive. This noble 
river, celebrated from the early ages of Grecian mytho¬ 
logy, and called by the ancients Padus and Eridanus, rifes 
from mount Vefula, or Vifo, on the confines of France and 
Italy, nearly in the parallel of mount Dauphin in Dau- 
phine, and Saluzzo in Piedmont, being aimoft central 
between them, at the diftance of about eighteen Englilh 
miles from each. Thus delcending from the centre of the 
wellern Alps, the Po paffes to the north-eaft of Saluzzo, 
by Carignan, to Turin; receiving even in this fliort Ipace 
many livers, as the Varrita, Maira, and Grana, from the 
fouth; and from the north, the Felice, Sagon, and others. 
Moll of thefe ftreams having had a longer courfe than 
what is called that of the Po ; the Maira, for inftance, 
might perhaps be more jultly regarded as the principal 
river: nay, the Tanaro, which flows into the Po feme 
miles below Alexandria, might perhaps claim, in the river 
Slura, a more remote fource than the Po itfelf. After 
leaving the walls of Turin, the Po receives innumerable 
rivers and rivulets from the Alps in the north, and the 
Apennines in the fouth. Among the former may be named 
the Doria, the Tefino, the Adda, the Oglio, the Mincio r 
to the eafl of which the Adige defeends from the Alps of 
Tyrol, and, refufing to blend his waters with the Po, 
purfues his courfe to the gulf of Venice. From the fouth 
the Po firft receives the copious Alpine liver Tanaro, 
itfelf fwelled by the Belba, Bormida, and other ftreams: 
the other fouthern rivers are of far lefs confequence; but 
among them may be named the Trebbia, the river of 
Parma, and the Panaro, which joins the Po at Stellato, 
011 the weftern frontier of Ferrara. 
In the central part appears the Arno, which rifes in 
the Apennines, and flows by Florence and Pifa into the 
gulf of Genoa. The Tiber, an immortal dream, is by 
far the molt confiderable in the fouth of Italy, rifing near 
the fource of Arno, fouth-eall of St. Marino, and palling 
by Perugia, and Rome, to the Mediterranean, which it 
joins after a courfe of about 150 Britifti miles. The Ti¬ 
ber is faid to receive about forty-two rivers, or torrents, 
many of them celebrated in Roman hiltory; as is the Ru¬ 
bicon, a diminutive ftream, now the Fiumefino, which 
enters the Adriatic about eight Britifti miles to the north 
of Rimini. In the central part of Italy many fmall ftreams 
flow from the Apennines both to the Mediterranean and 
Adriatic; but after the Tiber no river can be mentioned 
which deferves the notice of geography. 
Italy contains many beautiful lakes, particularly in the 
northern divifion. The Lago Maggiore, Greater Lake, 
or Lake of Locarno, is about twenty-feven Britifti miles 
in length by three of medial breadth; and the fliores 
abound with alpine beauties, receiving the waters of fome 
other lakes, among which mull be mentioned that of Lu¬ 
gano on the eaft. This lake formerly adjoined to the 
Milanele territory, and contains the beautiful Boromean 
ifles, celebrated by many travellers. Still farther to the 
eall is the lake of Como, which is joined by that of 
Lecco : the lake of Como is about thirty-two Britifti miles 
in length, but the medial breadth not above two and a 
half. Yet farther to the eaft .is t!>e fmall lakes of Ifeo, 
