476 j U D 
ged it to his dying hour, by the difpofal of the three chief 
dignities of the Jewilh church, that of kacham, or wife 
man, that of chief of the fynagogue, and that of prince, or 
patriarch, to three of his own ions. He likewife directed 
that his own funeral rites Ihould be celebrated in the molt 
fumptuous manner, and that his body fhould be carried 
about through the moll conliderable cities, and there be¬ 
wailed after the Jewifh manner. 
JU'DAH (Leo), a learned protellant divine in the fix- 
teenth century, was the fon of John Judah, a prieft of 
Germeren in Alface, by a concubine, and was born in the 
year 1481. He received the rudiments of learning at 
Schleftat; and, when he was about twenty years of age, 
was fent to purfue his academical ltudies at Ealil. Here 
he had for a fellow-ltudent and companion, the celebrated 
Zuinglius, who from his early years had been (hocked at 
Lome of the l'uperliitious praXices of the church of Rome ; 
and, from the alTociations which he formed, lie received 
fuch imprefiions, and was directed to fuch enquiries, as 
predifpofed him towards the change which afterwards 
took place in his religious opinions. His application to 
the different branches of philofophy and literature was 
very afiiduous and fuccefsful; and in the year 1512, he 
was admitted to,the degree of M. A. Having foon after¬ 
wards taken holy orders, he was appointed miniller of a 
Swifs church, in a retired fituation ; where he applied 
liimfelf with indefatigable diligence to the lludy of the 
Greek and Hebrew languages; the perufal of the Fathers, 
particularly Jerome and Augufline; and the works which 
had been jult publilhed by Erafmus, Capnio, and Luther. 
The refult of his lludies was a gradual renunciation of the 
didinguilliing tenets of popery, and an adoption of thofe 
of the reformers ; till at length, having been appointed by 
the magiftrates and ecclefiaflical alfembly of Zurich, paf- 
tor of the church of St. Peter in that city, he openly op- 
pofed the popilh religion, both in the pulpit and through 
the medium of the prefs, and acquired no little reputation 
as a champion in the protellant caufe. Judah was now a 
fkilFul Hebrew fcholar; and during eighteen years in which 
the Old Tellament was explained to the people of Zurich 
from the Hebrew', by different learned men, had colleXed 
together a vail number of comments and criticifms, with 
a view, moll probably, to a work in which he was folicited 
by his brethren to engage. That was a tranflation from 
the Hebrew into Latin of the whole Old Tellament. In 
this arduous undertaking he was perfuaded to embark, 
and profecuted it with the greatell zeal and diligence, a- 
vailing himfelf of the advice and aflillance of the moll able 
linguifts among his connexions ; following the mod cor- 
reX Hebrew copy w’hich he could meet with, and carefully 
comparing it with others, in difficult paflages ; and not 
negleXing the aid to be derived from the Greek and Latin 
verlions, in afcertaining genuine readings. The magnitude 
of the work, however, and the clofenefs with which he 
applied to it, were more than he was able to bear; and, be¬ 
fore he had completed it, brought on him a diforder to 
which he fell a facrifice in 1542, when he was about fixty 
years of age. After his death the work was continued 
by Bibliander, who tranllated the lalt eight chapters of 
Ezekiel, the books of Daniel, Job, Ecclefialles, Canticles, 
and the lad forty-eight Pfalms. The apocryphal books 
were tranllated from the Greek by Peter Cliolin. This 
trandation was printed at Zurich in the year 1543 ; and 
reprinted at Paris by Robert Stevens, in 1545, accompany¬ 
ing the Vulgate verfion, in adjoining columns, but with¬ 
out the name of the author of the new' verlion. This edi¬ 
tion of Stevens is ufually called the Bible of Vatable,though 
he had no concern in it, excepting that we are to attribute 
to him the notes which accompany it,/and which are faid 
to have been penned from his diXation by Bertin, his fuc- 
cedor in the profelTorfhip of the Hebrew language. Ju¬ 
dah’s verfion, though frequently too paraphradic, is a work 
of confiderable merit, and prelerves a medium between 
fuch tranllations as are too literal and harfli, and thole 
written in an elegant and affeXed dyle. However, being 
J u D 
the produXion of a protedant, it w'as inveighed againd 
and condemned by the doXors of the faculty of divinity 
at Paris, who at that time were not fufficiently acquainted 
with the Hebrew tongue, and wdio adhered fcrupuloully 
to the Vulgate verfion. To the honour of the Spanilh doc¬ 
tors of Salamanca, they were more liberal; and not only 
bellowed on it the praife to which it was entitled, but even 
cauled it to be reprinted at that city, with trifling altera¬ 
tions. Judah was alfo the author of Annotations on Ge- 
nelis and Exodus, the four Evangelids, the Epidles to 
the Romans, Corinthians, Philippians, Coloffians, Thef- 
falonians, and that of St. James ; and of a larger and Imal- 
ler Catechifm, See. 
JUDA'ICAL, adj. [from Judah.] Jewilh ; pertaining 
to the Jews. 
JU'DAISM, f. [from Judah.] The religion of the 
Jews.—Neither his being a public profelyte to Judaifm, 
nor his zeal againd catholic prielts, have preferved to him 
a liberty, of which he did not render himfelf worthy by 
a virtuous ufe of it. Burke . 
Judaifm was but a temporary difpenfation, and was to 
give way, at lead the ceremonial part of it, at the coming 
of the Meffiah. For a complete fyllem of Judaifm, fee the 
books of Moles. Judaifm was anciently divided into fe- 
veral feXs ; the principal whereof were the Pharifees, the 
Sadducees, and the Eflenians. At prefent there are two 
feXs among the Jews, viz. the Caraites, who admit of no 
rule of religion but the law written by Mofes ; and the 
Rabbinids, who add to the law the traditions of the Tal¬ 
mud. See the article Jew, vol. x. 
To JU'DAIZE, v. n. [ judaj'tr , Fr. judaizo, low Lat. ] 
To conform to the manner of the Jews.— Paul judaized 
with the Jews, was all to all. Sandys. 
JU'DAIZING, f. The aX of leaning to Judaifm. 
JU'DAN, a town of Hindoodan, in Baglana: twenty 
miles wed of Junore. 
JU'DAS MACCABE'US, a valiant leader of the Jews, 
was the third Ion of Mattathias, of the Afmonean family, 
whom he lucceeded as general of his nation B.C. 166. 
The Jews were at that time in a date of revolt againd An- 
tiochus Epiphanes; and Judas colleXed a fmall but deter¬ 
mined body of men, drove from many of the towns and 
and villages the Syrians, Samaritans, and apollate Jews, 
and filled the country with the terror of his name. Se¬ 
veral Syrian governors and generals were fucceflively fent 
againd him with large armies, who were defeated with 
great daughter; but the accounts of thefe tranfaXions, 
given only by Jewilh writers, are full of fuch manifell ex¬ 
aggerations with regard to numbers, that they cannot 
fafely be copied, and it fuffices to mention the refults. 
After his firff fuccefles had left him malter of the field, 
Judas marched to Jerufalem, where he purified the city 
and the temple from the pollution they had undergone 
when in the power of idolators. The temple was again 
dedicated, and a commemoratory fedival on the occaiion 
was indituted, which was ordered to be perpetual. The 
death of Antiochus, who was fucceeded by a minor Ton, 
gave the Jews fome refpite; but hodilities were foon re¬ 
newed, and Judas difplayed his ufual vigour and military 
provvels. Lyfias, the chief commander of the Syrians, 
entered Judea at the head of a great army; but, undergoing 
a defeat, made a temporary accommodation with Judas. 
This was broken by the other Syrian generals, joined by 
fome of the neighbouring people, who were at enmity 
with the Jews. Judas took a levere revenge; and we are 
told in the book of Maccabees of an expedition in which 
he took by dorm feveral well fortified towns, defeated an 
army of one hundred and twenty-two thoufand men, de- 
droying nearly half of them, and brought back liis vic¬ 
torious troops without the lofs of a Angle man! Lyfias 
then invaded Judea a fecond time with a more formida¬ 
ble army than before, and obliged Judas to take refuge 
in Jerufalem. He laid clofe liege to the city, which, not- 
withdanding the valour of its defender, would have been 
compelled to lurrender for want of provifions, had not 
s the 
