47 & ] U D 
not unlikely, that, after preaching the Gofpcl for footer 
time in different parts of Judea, lie went abroad, and 
preached to Jews and Gentiles in other countries. Some 
have faid that he travelled, for the purpofe of propagating 
the Chriftian religion, into Mefopotamia, Idumea, Syria, 
Arabia, and Perfia ; and that he buffered martyrdom in the 
laft-mentioned country; but their relation is not fupported 
by any credible hiftory; and there is ground for queition- 
ing the tradition that he died a martyr. St. Jude was the 
author of an Epiftle, which was one of the feven called Ca¬ 
tholic, or General, and appears to have been intended for 
theufeof all who had embraced the Chrilfian religion, to 
put them on their guard again!!: judaizing and falfe teach¬ 
ers, and to preierve their attachment to pure, fimple, un¬ 
mixed, Chriftianity. The genuinenefs and canonical au¬ 
thority of this book was disputed by fome individuals in 
the fecond century, and in the time of Eufebius and St. 
Jerome, on account of a fuppofed quotation contained in 
it from a fpurious book, called The Prophefy of Enoch ; 
but its authority was almolt univerfally acknowledged be¬ 
fore the end of the fourth century. In Lardner, the rea¬ 
der may meet with the moil fatisfafitory internal and ex¬ 
ternal evidence of its genuinenefs. Various are the opi¬ 
nions in the learned world refpefling the time when it 
was written ; to w hich the judicious critic juit mentioned 
has been induced to affign the date of 64, 65, or 66. 
• JUDE'A, in ancient geography, taken largely, either 
denotes all Paleftine, or the greater part of it; and thus 
it is generally taken in the Roman hiftory: Ptolemy, 
Rutilinus, Jerome, Origen, and Eufebius, take it for the 
whole of Paleftine ; and it is often fo taken in fcripture. 
But, ftriftly fpeaking, it contained only the original por¬ 
tions of the four tribes of Judah, Benjamin, Dan, and Si¬ 
meon, together with Phililtia and Idumea ; fo as to be 
COmprifed between Samaria on the north, Arabia Petraea 
on the fodth, and to be bounded by the Mediterranean on 
the weft, and by the lake Afpbaltites, with part of Jor¬ 
dan, on the eaft. It was not named Judea till after the 
Jews returned from the Babylonifh captivity; becaufe then 
the tribe of Judah was the principal; and the territories 
belonging to the other tribes were poffeffed by the Sama¬ 
ritans, Idumseans, Arabians, See . The Jews, on their re¬ 
turn from captivity, fettled again about Jerufalem, and in 
Judea, whence they fpread over the whole country. The 
whole country is now in a wretched date, and under the 
dominion of the Turks. For its progreflive hiftory, fee 
the article Jew, vol. x. and fee farther under Palestine. 
JU'DENBACH, a town of Germany, in the principa¬ 
lity of Coburg: twelve miles north-eaft of Coburg. 
JU'DENBURG, a town and capital of Upper Stiria, on 
the river Muehr, fituated in a plain furrounded with lofty 
mountains, always covered with fnow. It has a caftle, a 
eollege, and two convents. This town was taken by the 
French in the beginning of April 1797, and here a fuf- 
penfion of arms was agreed on between the archduke 
Charles and general Bonaparte : thirty-two miles weft- 
north-weft of Gratz, and eighty-four fouth-weft of Vienna. 
Lat. 47. 10. N. Ion. 14. 25. E. 
JU'DEX (Matthew), one of the principal writers of 
the Centuries of Magdeburg, was boni at Tipplefwolde 
in Mifnia, in 1528. He taught theology with great re¬ 
putation ; but met with many difquiets in the exercife of 
his miniftry from party-feuds. He wrote feveral works 3 
and died in 1564. 
JUDGE, f. [jvge't Fr. judex, Lat.] One who is in- 
vefted with authority to determine any caufe or queftion, 
real or perfonal.— A father of the fatherlefs, and a judge 
*f the widows, is God in his holy habitation. Pfalms. 
Thou art judge 
Of all things made, and judged only right. Milton-. 
One who prefides in a court of judicature.—It is not fuf- 
Scient to imitate nature in every circumftance dully : it 
becomes a painter to take what is moft beautiful, as be¬ 
ing the fovereign judge of his own art. Dry den. 
} U D 
Plow dares your pride, 
As in a lifted field to fight your caufe, 
Unafk’d the royal grant; nor marftial by, 
As knightly rites require, nor judge to try? Dryderl. 
Ode who has fkill fufficient to decide upon the merit of 
any thing.—One court there is in which he who knows 
the fee rets of every heart will fit judge himfelf. Sherlock. 
A perletft judge will read each piece of wit 
With the fame fpirit that its author writ. Pope. 
Judge, ill Jewifh antiquity, a fupreme magiftrate who’ 
governed the Ifraelites from the time of Jofhua till the 
reign of Saul. Thele judges refembled the Athenian ar- 
chons or Roman diffators. The dignity of judge was for 
life, but not always in uninterrupted fucceflion. God 
himfelf, by fome exprefs declaration of his will, regularly 
appointed the judges. The Ifraelites, however, did not feem 
always to wait for his appointment, but fometimes chofe 
themfelves a judge in times of danger. Thus the Ilrael- 
ites beyond Jordan chofe jepfithah; Jud. xi. As it often 
happened that the oppreftions, which occafioned a recourfe 
to the affiitance of the judges, was not felt over all Ifrael, 
the power of the judges likewife, who were chofen to 
procure deliverance from fuch fervitudes, did not extend 
over all the people, but over that country only which 
they had delivered ; for we do not find that Jephthah ex- 
ercifed any authority on this fide Jordan, nor that Barak 
affumed any on the other. The power of the judges ex¬ 
tended to affairs of peace and war. They vvere proteftors 
of the laws, defenders of religion, avengers of all crimes; 
but they could make no laws, nor impofe any new bur¬ 
dens upon the people. They lived without pomp or re¬ 
tinue, unlefs their own fortunes enabled them to do it; 
for the revenues of their office confided in voluntary pre- 
fents from the people. They continued from the death 
of Jofliua till the beginning of the reign of Saul, being a 
fpace of about 339 years. The Book of Judges contains 
the hiftory of this period, and of thole very remarkable 
perfonages; for a chronological lift of whom, fee the arti¬ 
cle Jew, vol. x. p. 792. 
Select Judges, Judices felefli, in Roman antiquity, 
were perfons fummoned by the praetor to give their ver¬ 
dict in criminal matters in the Roman courts, as juries da 
in ours. No perfon could be regularly admitted into 
this number till he was twenty-five years of age. The 
Sortitio Judicum, or impannelling the jury, was the office 
of the Judex Quejlionis, and was performed after both par¬ 
ties were come into court, for each had a right to rejeft 
or challenge whom they pleafed, others being fubftituted 
in their room. The number of the Judiccs felefli varied, 
according to the nature of the charge. When the proper 
number appeared, they were fworn, took their places in 
the fubfellia, and heard the trial. 
JUDGE, f. in law, a chief magiftrate who is to try- 
civil and criminal caufes, and punilh offences. Of judges, 
in England, it is commonly faid there are twelve ; viz. 
the Lord Chief Jullicesof the courts of King’s Bench and 
Common Pleas; the Lord Chief Baron of the Exchequer; 
the three Puifne {i. e. younger, or rather inferior) Judges 
of the two former courts; and the three Puifne Barons of 
the latter. To thefe may be added, the Lord Chancellor, 
and the Mafter of the Rolls. 
The Chief Juftice of the King’s Bench is called Capi- 
talis JuJUdarius Band Regis, vel ad plaeita coram rege lenenda ; 
he hath the title of Lord whilft he enjoys his office ; and 
is ffyjed Capitalis JujUciarnis, becaufe he is chief of the 
reft ; and for this reafon he hath ufually the title of Lord 
Chief JuJlice of England. This judge was anciently created 
by letters patent under the great feal, but is now made 
by writ, in a very ffiort form. The ancient dignity of 
this fupreme m&giftfiate was very great; he had the prero¬ 
gative to be vicegerent of the kingdom, when any of our 
kings went beyond fea, being' chofen to this office out of 
the greateft of the nobility i and had the power alone, 
which was afterwards diftribiited to three other great ma- 
giftrates 3 
