502 
j U G L A N S. 
this, it is a praftice'in Swifierland to engraft the common 
flocks with the late-ripe variety, the nuxjuglans fruElu fero- 
tino of Bauhin, which does not produce its fruit before 
the month of May or June. This might perhaps be too 
late for us; but in warmer climates, where the fruit is of 
much confequence for the oil which it yields, and where 
the olive will not fucceed, it may be worth attending to. 
In France, Swifierland, &c. the wood is in great requeft 
for furniture, as it was formerly in England, till the ufe 
of mahogany fuperfeded it. Were this timber, fays Mr. 
Evelyn, in greater plenty amongft us, we fliould have far 
better utenfils of all forts for our houfes, as chairs, (tools, 
bedfteads, tables, wainfcot, cabinets, &c. inftead of the 
more vulgar beech, fubjeft to the worm, weak and un¬ 
lightly ; but which, to counterfeit and deceive the un¬ 
wary, they wa(h over with a decoction made of the green 
hulks of walnuts. See. What univerfal ufe, he continues, 
the French make of the timber of this tree for domeltic 
affairs, may be feen in every room both of poor and rich. 
It is of lingular ufe with the joiner for the beft grained 
and coloured wainfcot; with the gunfyrith for (tocks ; 
with the coach-maker for wheels and the bodies of coaches ; 
the cabinet-maker ufes it for inlayings, efpecially. the 
firm and clofe timber about the root, which is admirable 
for flecked and cambleted works. To render this wood 
the better-coloured, joiners put the boards into an oven 
after the batch is taken out, or lay them in a warm (table; 
and, when they work it, polifh it over with its own oil 
very hot, which makes it look black and (leek, and, the 
older it is, the more eltimable; but then it Ihould not be 
put in work till thoroughly leafoned, becaufe it will (brink 
beyond expectation. But it is not good to confide in it 
much for beams or joifts, becaufe of its brittlenefs, 
Befides the ufes of the wood, the fruit, when tender 
and very young, is ufed for preferves. It makes alfo food 
and oil; this lad is of extraordinary ufe with the painter 
in whites and other delicate colours, alfo for gold fize and 
varnifli; and with this they poli(h walking-fticks, and 
other works which are wrought in with burning. They 
fry with it in feme places, and eat it in Berry inftead of 
butter, of which they have little or none good j and there¬ 
fore they plant infinite numbers of thefe trees all over 
that country ; the ufe of it to burn in lamps is common 
there. The very hufks and leaves being macerated in 
warm water, and that liquor poured on grafs-walks and 
bowling-greens, infallibly kills the worms, without en¬ 
dangering the grafs. Not that there is any thing pecu¬ 
liarly noxious in this decoftion ; but worms cannot bear 
the application of any thing bitter to their bodies, which 
is the reafon that bitters, fuch as gentian, are the beft de¬ 
stroyers of worms lodged in the bowels of animals. Worms 
are feldom obferved in the inteltines of the human body, 
excepting in cafes where the bile is either weak or defi¬ 
cient. 
The dye made of this lixive will colour woods, hair, 
and wool; and the green hulks boiled, make a good co¬ 
lour to dye a dark yellow, without any mixture. 
The younger timber is held to make the better-coloured 
work ; but the older, being more firm and clofe, is finer 
cambleted for ornament. Thofe trees which are raifed 
from the thick-fhelled fruit become the beft timber; but 
the thin-fhelled yield better fruit. 
Thofe nuts which come eafily out of their hulks fnould 
be laid to mellow in heaps, and the relt expofed in the 
fun till the (hells dry, elfe the kernels will be apt to perifh ; 
fome again preferve them in their own leaves, or in acheft 
made of walnut-tree wood ; others in fand, efpecially for 
a feminary. Old nuts are not wholefome till macerated 
in warm water; but, if you bury them in the earth in 
pots, out of the reach of the air, and fo as no vermin can 
attack them, they will keep marvelloufly plump the 
■whole year about, and may eafily be blanched. In Spain, 
they Strew the gratings of old and hard nuts, firft peeled, 
into their tarts and other meats. For the oil, one bulhel 
©f nuts will yield fifteen pounds of peeled and clear ker¬ 
nels, and that half as much oil, which the fooner it is 
drawn, is the more in quantity, though, the drier the nut, 
the better in quality : the lees or marc of the prefiing is 
excellent to fatten hogs. with. After the nuts are beaten 
down, the leaves (hould be fwept into heaps, and carried 
away, becaufe their extreme bitternefs impairs the ground. 
The unripe fruit, fuch as has been long ufed as a pickle, 
is directed for medicinal ufe by the London College, as 
an anthelmintic; and many authors fpeak of its etfefts in 
deftroying worms. An extract is the molt convenient 
preparation, as it may be kept for a fufficient length of 
time, and made agreeable to the ftomach by mixing it 
with cinnamon-water. In this ftate the walnut is laid 
alfo to be laxative, and of ufe in aphthous afreftions and 
lore throats; for this purpofe a rob may be prepared from 
the juice. The vinegar in which walnuts have been 
pickled is a very ufeful gargle. The kernel is fimilar in 
qualities to the almond ; the oil does not congeal by cold, 
and anfwers the medicinal purpofes of the oil of almonds* 
We are not certain of the native place of growth of the 
walnut-tree. It is not an aboriginal of Europe, and there 
is little doubt but that it came into Italy from Greece, 
and into Greece from fome part of Afia. Some authors 
take it for the Nux Perfica of Theophraftus; Piiny ( 1 . tj. 
c. 24..) fays, it was brought from Perfia; and on the au¬ 
thority of Lerche it is now fet down as a native of Perfia 
in the later vvorksi of Linnaeus. According to Loureiro, 
it is found wild in the northern provinces of China. It 
is much cultivated in fome parts of Italy, France, Ger¬ 
many, and Swill'erland. Burgundy, fays Mr. Evelyn, 
abounds with walnut-trees, where they (land in the midft 
of goodly wheat-lands, at fixty and a hundred feet dis¬ 
tance ; and, fo far are they from hurting the crop, that 
they are looked upon as great prefervers, by keeping the 
ground warm; nor do the roots hinder the plough* 
Whenever they fell a tree, which is only the old and de¬ 
cayed, they always plant a young one near it. In feverai 
places betwixt Kanau and Frankfort in Germany, no 
young farmer is permitted to marry a wife, till he bring 
proof that he has planted a Hated number of walnut-trees. 
The Bergftras, which extends from Heidelberg to Darm- 
ftadt, is all planted with walnuts. According to Pallas, 
it is common in the Ukraine, the Cberfonefus Taurica, 
and Caucafus, where it alfo appears here and there in a- 
wild ftate. From the northern fide of Caucafus it be¬ 
comes more fcarce, but on the lower parts towards the 
fouth it is very common, large, and appears to be indi¬ 
genous. Formerly there were confiderable plantations of 
this tree in England, particularly on the chalk-hills of 
Surrey. Mr. Evelyn inftances thofe of fir Richard Sti- 
dolph near Leatherhead ; fir Robert Clayton’s at Morden 
near Godftone, once belonging to fir John Evelyn ; and 
about Carftialton, where many thoufands of thefe trees ce¬ 
lebrate the industry of the owners, and will certainly re¬ 
ward it with infinite improvement, befides the ornament 
which they afford to thofe pleafant trafts, for fome miles 
in circumference. Evelyn's Sylm, 174-176. Little ufe 
having been made of the wood of late years for furniture, 
the old trees that have been cut down have not been al¬ 
ways replaced with young ones, and thus the plantations 
of this tree have gradually diminiihed. The wood is now 
principally ufed for making gun-ftocks ; and the fruit 
with us is only eaten ripe in deferts, or green in pickles; 
fo that the call^for this tree is not equal to what it was 
formerly. The Englilh name of this tree and fruit has 
nothing to do with wall ; it is Gaul-nut, whence we may con¬ 
clude it came to us anciently from Gaul. The French 
call the tree noyer, and the fruit noix ; as the Romans 
named it exclulively nux. In German it is zvallnufs or 
zuelfche nu/s. 
2. Juglans alba, white walnut-tree, or hickery: leaflets 
feven, lanceolate, ferrate, the odd one feflile. The leaves 
of the white walnut-tree, or hickery-nut as it is called iu 
North America, where it is very common in molt ot the pro¬ 
vinces, are compofed of two or three pairs of oblong lobes, 
terminated 
