J U G L A N S. 
terminated by an odd one ; tliefe are of a light green, and 
ferrate ; the lower pair of lobes are the fmallelt, and the 
upper the largelt. The fruit is lhaped like the common 
•walnut, but the fhell is not furrowed, and is of a light 
colour. Gasrtner defcribes the outer fhell or rind as thick, 
coriaceous, and when ripe opening at top into four parts. 
The fhell ovate-globular, four-cornered, terminated by 
a ftrong quadrangular dagger-point, marked with obfolete 
lines, not with wrinkles ; fmooth, whitifh, two-valved, 
half-four-celled ; valves bony, very thick, without any 
vifible future on the outiide; partitions alio bony, thick, 
Tufefcent; two lateral longitudinal, and one tranfverfe at 
the bafe of the (hell, but all incomplete, and forming a 
half-four-celled cavity. Seed or kernel large, half-four- 
lobed ; the lobes varioufly and irregularly wrinkled and 
tubercled. 
Catefby fays, it is ufually a tall tree, and often grows 
to a large bulk, the body being from two to three feet 
diameter. The leaves differ from thofe of the common 
walnut, not only in being ferrated, but in being narrower 
and (harper pointed. In October, when the nuts are ripe, 
the outer fhell opens and divides into quarters, difclofing 
the nut, the fhell of which is thick, not eafily broken but 
■with a hammer. The kernel is fweet and well tailed; the 
Indians draw from it a wholefome and pleafant oil, and 
ftore up the nuts for winter provifion. Hogs and many 
wild animals receive great benefit from them. The wood 
is coarfe-grained, yet of much ufe for many things belong¬ 
ing to agriculture. Of the faplings or young trees are 
made the beft hoops for tobacco, rice, and tar, barrels. 
For the fire no wood in the northern parts of America is 
in fo much requeft. The bark is deeply furrowed. Cul¬ 
tivated in 1699 by the duchefs of Beaufort. 
| 3 . Du Roi as well as Miller gives the Juglans glabra, or 
fmooth walnut, as a dillinCt fpecies. Miller fays, it is not 
fo large as the hiccory, that the leaves are compofed of 
two pairs of leaflets, befides the odd one, narrow at their 
bafe, broad and rounded at their ends, ferrate, and of a 
light green ; and that the nuts are fmall, have a fmooth 
fhell, and are very hard and white. Catefby calls it Nux 
Juglans CarolinenfisfruElu minimo, putamine lecvi, or pig-nut; 
and gives a figure of the fruit. He fays, the branches 
fpread more than the common hiccory, are lmaller, and 
the leaves not fo broad ; nor is the bark fo wrinkled. The 
nuts are not above one-fourth part of the fize, and, both 
inner and outer fhell being very thin, they are eafily bro¬ 
ken with the fingers. The kernels are fweet ; but, being 
fmall, and covered with a very bitter (kin, they are chiefly 
eaten by fquirrels and other wild animals. 
3. Juglans nigra, or black walnut-tree: leaflets many, 
(about fifteen,) oblong-lanceolate, ferrate ; fruits globu¬ 
lar, valvelefs ; nuts wrinkled ; male aments fefiile Ample; 
females peduncled. The black walnut of Virginia grows 
to a large fize. The leaves are compofed of five or fix 
pairs of leaflets, which end in acute points and are ferrate 5 
the lower pair is the leaft, the others gradually increafe, 
but the pair at top and the terminating leaflet are fmaller : 
thefe leaves when bruifed emit a ftrong aromatic flavour; 
as does alfo the outer cover of the nuts, which is rough, 
and rounder than that of the common walnut. The fhell 
is very hard and thick, and the kernel fmall, but very 
fweet. Catefby on the contrary fays, that it is very oily 
and rank-tafted ; when laid by however for fome months, 
it is eaten by Indians, fquirrels, &c. lie remarks, that 
the leaves are much narrower, as well as (harper-pointed, 
than thofe of our walnut, and not fo fmooth ; that the 
thicknefs of the inner fhell requires a hammer to break it; 
and that it feems to have taken its name from the colour 
of the wood, which approaches nearer to black than any 
other wood that affords fo large timber, and therefore is 
efteemed for making cabinets, tables, See. Mr. Miller fays 
that this is the rooft valuable wood of all the forts of wal¬ 
nut ; and that fome of the trees are beautifully veined, and 
will take a good polilh ; that others, however, have very 
little beauty. He adds, that this is full as hardy as our 
503 
common fort; and that there are fome large trees of it in 
the Chelfea garden, which have produced great quantities 
of fruit upwards of forty years, which have generally ri¬ 
pened fo well as to grow ; but, the kernels being fmall, 
they are of little value on that account. It was cultivated 
in 1656, by Mr. John Tradefcant, jun. 
Jaccjuin gives a long defeription of this tree and its fruc¬ 
tification at the beginning of the fecond volume of his mif- 
cellanies. Catefby fays, that moft parts of North America 
abound with this tree, particularly Virginia and Maryland, 
towards the heads of the rivers, where in low rich land it 
grows in great plenty, and to a vaft fize. According to 
Jacquin,it abounds in Pennfylvania and New Jerfey; and 
is common not only in Virginia and Maryland, but in Ca¬ 
rolina, at a diftance from the fea, the neighbourhood of 
which it diflikes. To the north of New York it becomes 
fcarce, and is not found wild beyond the latitude of 4.1. 30, 
It is cultivated however more to the northward, be¬ 
tween New York and Albany; and it will grow, though 
not bear fruit, in Sweden. In Pennfylvania the flowers 
began to unfold about the fifth or feventh of May, when 
thofe of the Juglans regia were already paft. The leaves 
come out there about the ninth of May. The nuts ripen 
there and in New Jerfey at the end of September ; about 
the middle of October they are all fallen from the trees. 
The leaves fall foon after the fruit. The growth of this 
tree is remarkably quick; it fp reads out roots horizontally 
to a confiderable diftance, and will not fuffer any thing 
to grow under its (hade. When planted in an orchard, 
it deftroys all the apple-trees that are near it. It feems to 
be hardier than our walnut : in Pennfylvania and New 
Jerfey, when the peaches, hickeries, and mulberries, have 
been much injured by froft, the black walnut has fuftained 
no damage. At eight or ten years of age it begins to bear 
plenty of fruit, and with age increafes in fertility. Jac- 
quin obferved trees in New Jerfey that were forty-four 
years old, nine fathoms in height, and three ells and a half 
in diameter at the diftance of an ell from the ground. It 
is much planted in America near houfes for the (hade. 
4.. Juglans oblonga, or oblong-fruited walnut-tree: leaf¬ 
lets many, (fix or eight pairs,) ovate-lanceolate, ferrate; 
pubefeent with the petioles; nuts deeply finuate-grooved. 
Leaflets alternate, feflile, oblique, acute, naked above, pu¬ 
befeent underneath, void of fmell. Petiole and upper nerve 
tomentofe. Drupe oval, tomentofe, vificid. Nut oblong, 
acuminate, the colour of the common walnut. It was 
raifed from nuts brought from America by Kahn, andfirft 
bore fruit in 1774. It was fuppofed to be the J. nigra; 
but the colour and form of the fruit is different, and the 
leaves have no fmell. 
5. Juglans cinerea, or afn-coloured walnut-tree: leaflets 
eleven, lanceolate, fhorter on one fide of the bafe. This 
grows to a large fize. The leaves have (even or eight pairs 
of long heart-fhaped leaflets, broad at their bale, where 
they are divided into two round ears, but terminate in 
acute points ; they are rougher and of a deeper green than 
thofe of the black walnut, and have nothing of the aro¬ 
matic feent which they have. The fruit is very long; the 
fhell deeply furrowed, and very hard ; the kernel fmall, but 
well-flavoured. In habit, trunk, and bark, this is the fame 
with Juglans nigra ; and Jacquin fufpedts that Linnaeus's, 
fpecific differences of this and the nigra are tranfpofed. 
This and the oblonga of Retzius and Miller feem to be one 
fpecies. Native of North America. The order of flower¬ 
ing, according to Jacquin is, firft J. regia, then cinerea , 
and laftly nigra in a few days, after. The order of fruit¬ 
ing is different; for, when the fruit of the common wal¬ 
nut begins to drop on the eighth of September, the nigra 
follows at the end of the fame month, and the cinerea not 
till after the beginning of October. 
6. Juglans compreffa, or flat-fruited walnut-tree : leaf¬ 
lets three pairs, lanceolate, ferrate, fmooth, nearly equal; 
fruit flatted. This tree is of a middling ltature. The 
leaves have three pairs of leaflets, of a dark green colour, 
ending in acute points. The fruit is oval; the fhell white*. 
hard. 
