604 
JUG L ANS. 
hard, and fmooth; the kernel fmall, but very fweet. The 
young ilioots are covered with a very fmooth brownifh 
bark, but the Items and plder branches have a rough fcaly 
bark, whence it has the appellation of Jhagbark in America. 
Gaertner defcribes the {hell as ovate-rounded, obliquely 
truncate at the bate, flatted like a lens, but four-cornered 
and fhaped like rhomb, white, fmooth, very thick and hard. 
Suture linear, fcarcely perceptible ; valves boat-fhaped, 
with a comprelfcd acute keel ; partitions as in the alba. 
Kernel frnall in proportion to the {hell, half-four-lobed, 
with a rufefcent-yellow Ikin. Native of North Ame¬ 
rica. 
Gsertner has another fort, which he names Juglans rubra 
(Noix Pacanesde Madagafcar) ; the fheli of which is ovate- 
oblong, acuminate at both ends, efpecially at top, where 
it is produced into a long four-cornered dagger-point; it 
is fmooth, with the future fcarcely difcernable, of a mid¬ 
dling thicknefs, hard, and of a pale teftaceous colour; par¬ 
titions coriaceous-cruftaceous, brittle, brown. Kernel ob¬ 
long, four-lobed, like the reft in ftrufture ; with the outer 
cuticle entirely of a blood-red colour. He remarks, that 
the firft lpecies only has a diltinft future to the ftiell with 
a fwelling rim. 
Wangenheim has two others : i. J. ovalis, or thin-ftiel- 
led white walnut, with five or leven leaflets, the outer 
ones broader, the fruit (f. 23.) oval, acuminate at both 
ends, with a brittle {hell. 2. J. cordiformis, the bitter nut, 
with feven leaflets, lanceolate, ferrate; the fruit (f. 25.) 
bitter, heart-lhaped, with a brittle fliell. Thefe are natives 
of North America. 
7. Juglans anguftifolia, or narrow-leaved walnut-tree : 
leaflets thirteen, linear-lanceolate, ferrate, feffile, equal at 
the bafe ; nuts elliptic. Native of North America. In¬ 
troduced in 1766, by Meflrs. Kennedy and Lee. Proba¬ 
bly this may prove to be the fame with fome of the pre¬ 
ceding fpecies: perhaps No. 6. 
8. Juglans baccata, or crowned walnut-tree : leaflets in 
threes. Height twenty feet, as thick as the human thigh, 
with a comely top, and a grey bark having fome furrows 
in it. Leaves terminating, always three together, three 
inches long, and one inch broad, thin, fmooth, brownifli 
green ; common petiole reddilh, two inches long ; petio- 
lules a quarter of an inch in length. Aments axillary, two 
together, an inch long. The fruit hangs from the branches 
on peduncles an inch in length ; it is yellowifh, oval, as 
big as a nutmeg, having, under a very thin mucilaginous 
pulp, a large fliell, which is hard and woody. The parti¬ 
tions and lobes of the feed, as well as the parts of the 
flower, agree with the characters of this genus. Native of 
Jamaica. 
Propagation and Culture. The common walnut is propa¬ 
gated in many parts of England for the fruit; and formerly 
the trees were propagated for their wood,which was in very 
great efteern, till the quantity of mahogany, and other ufe- 
Sul woods which have been of late years imported into 
England, alinoft banillied the ufe of walnut. Thefe trees 
are propagated by planting their nuts, which, as was be¬ 
fore obferved, feldom produce the fame fort of fruit as is 
fown ; fo that the only way to have the defired fort, is to 
low the nuts of the belt kinds ; and, if this is done in a 
nurfery, the trees ftiould be tranfplanted out, when they 
have had three or four years growth, to the place where 
they are deiigned to remain ; for thefe trees do not bear 
tranfplanting when they are of a large fize ; therefore there 
may be a good number of the trees planted, which need 
not be put at more than fix feet apart, which will be dis¬ 
tance enough for them to grow till they produce fruit; 
when thofe whofe fruit is of the defired kind may remain, 
and the others be cut up, to allow them room to grow : by 
this method a fufficient number of the trees may be gene¬ 
rally found among them to remain, which will thrive and 
flourifti greatly when they have room ; but, as many peo¬ 
ple do not care to wait fo long for the fruit, the next belt 
method is to make choice of fome young trees in the nur¬ 
series, when they have their fruit upon them 5 but, though 
thefe will grow and bear fruit, yet they will never be fo large 
or fo long-lived as thofe which are planted young. All 
the forts of walnuts which are propagated for timber Ihould 
be fown in the places where they are to remain ; for the 
roots of thefe trees always incline downward, which, being 
{topped or broken, prevent their afpiring upward, fo that: 
they afterwards divaricate into branches, and become low 
fpreading trees ; but luch as are propagated for fruit are 
greatly mended by tranfplanting ; for hereby they are ren¬ 
dered more fruitful, and their fruit is generally larger and 
fairer ; it being a common obfervation, that downright 
roots greatly encourage the luxuriant growth of timber in 
all forts of trees ; but fuch trees as have their roots fpread¬ 
ing near the furface of the ground, are always the molt 
fruitful and belt flavoured. The nuts fliould be preferved 
in their outer covers in dry fand until February, when 
they Ihould be planted in lines, at the diftance you intend 
them to remain ; but in the rows they may be placed pretty 
clofe, for fearthe nuts Ihould mifcarry ; and the young trees, 
where they are too thick, may be removed, after they have 
grown two or three years, leaving the remainder at the 
diftance they are to ftand. 
In tranfplanting thefe trees, you fliould obferve never 
to prune either their roots or large branches, both which 
are very injurious to them ; nor Ihould you be too bufy in 
lopping or pruning the branches of thefe trees when grown 
to a large lize, for it often caufes them to decay ; but, 
when there is a necefiity for cutting anyef their branches 
oft', it fliould be done early in September, (for at that fea- 
fon the trees are not fo fubjeft to bleed,) that the wound 
may heal over before the cold increafes ; the branches 
fliould always be cut off quite clofe to the trunk, other- 
wife the ftump which is left will decay, and rot the body 
of the tree. The beft feafon for tranfplanting thefe trees 
is as loon as the leaves begin to decay ; at which time if 
they are carefully t 'ken up, and their branches preferved 
entire, there will be little danger of their fucceeding, al¬ 
though they are eight or ten years old, though, as was be¬ 
fore obferved, thefe trees will not grow' fo large, or con¬ 
tinue fo long, as thofe which are removed young. 
This tree delights in a firm, rich, loamy, foil, or fuch as 
is inclinable to chalk or marl; and will thrive very well 
in ltony ground, and on chalky hills, as maybe feen by 
thofe large plantations near Leatherhead, Godftone, and 
Carlhalton, in Surrey, where great numbers are planted 
upon the downs, which annually produce large quantities 
of fruit, to the great advantage of their own'ers ; one of 
which, it is faid, farms the fruit of his trees, to thofe who 
fupply the markets, for 30I. per annum. The diftance 
thefe trees ihould be placed, ought not to be lefs than forty 
feet, efpecially if regard be had to their fruit; though, 
when they are only defigned for timber, if they ftand much 
nearer, it promotes their upright growth. The black Vir¬ 
ginia walnut is much more inclinable to grow upright than 
the common fort; and the wood being generally of a more 
beautiful grain renders it preferable to that, and better 
worth cultivating. This wood is greatly efteemed by the 
cabinet-makers for inlaying, as alfo for bedfteads, ftools, 
chairs, tables, and cabinets ; and is one of the nioft dura¬ 
ble woods for thofe purpolesof Englifh growth, being lefs 
liable to be infefted with infefts than moll other kinds, 
(which may proceed from its extraordinary bitternefs;) 
but it is not proper for buildings of ftrength, it being of 
a brittle nature, and fubjeft to break very fliort. 
The general opinion is, that the beating off this fruit 
improves the trees ; but, in doing this, the younger 
branches are generally broken and deftroyed ; yet, as it 
would be exceedingly troublelome to gather it by hand, 
fto, in beating it oft',; great care {liquid be taken that it be 
not done with violence, for the reafon before aftigned. In 
order to prelerve the fruit, it fliould remain upon the trees 
till it is thoroughly ripe, when it fliould be beaten down, 
and laid in heaps for two or three days ; after which it 
fliould be fpread abroad, when, in a little time, the hulks 
will eafily part from the {hells. Then dry them well in 
1 the 
