J u L 
and of the fon-in-law; but her fudden death in child-bed, 
B. C. 53, broke all ties of intimacy and relationlhip, and 
foon produced a civil war. Plutarch. 
JU'LIA, the mother of M. Antony, vvhofe humanity 
is greatly celebrated in hiving her brother-in-law J. Ca;- 
iar from the.cruel profecutions of her fon. 
JU'LIA, the only daughter of the emperor Auguftus, 
remarkable for her beauty, genius, and debaucheries. She 
'Vra.s tenderly loved by her father, who gave her in mar¬ 
riage to Marcell us ; after whofe death the was given to 
Agrippa, by whom fhe had five children. She became a 
fecond time a widow, and was married to Tiberius. Her 
lafcivioufnefs and debaucheries fo difgufted her hufband, 
that he retired from the court of the emperor; and Au¬ 
guftus, informed of her luftful propenfities and infamy, 
banilhed her from his fight,, and confined her in a fmall 
ifland on the coaft of Campania. She was ftarved to death, 
A.D. 14., by order of Tiberius, who had fucceeded Au¬ 
guftus as emperor of Rome. 
JU'LIA, a daughter of Germanicus and Agrippina, 
born in the ifland of Lefbos, A.D. 17. She married a fe- 
nator called M. Vinucius, at the age of fixteen, and en¬ 
joyed the moll unbounded favours in the court of her 
brother Caligula, who is accufed of being her firft feducer. 
She was banilhed by Caligula, on fufpicion of confpiracy. 
Claudius recalled her; but fhe was foon after banilhed by 
the powerful intrigues of Mefl'alina, and put to death 
about the 24th year of her age. She was no ftranger to 
the debaucheries of the age, and fhe proftituted herfelf as 
freely to the meaneft of the people as to the nobler com¬ 
panions of her brother’s extravagance. Seneca, as fome 
fuppofe, was banilhed to Corfica for having feduced her. 
JU'LIA DOM'NA, fecond wife of the emperor Seve- 
rus, was a native of Emefa in Syria, and daughter to Baf- 
fianus, prieft oY the fun. Severus is faid to have married 
her before he came to the empire, becaufe he had heard 
that her horofcope promifed that Ihe fhould arrive at the 
“royal dignity. She polfeffed other qualities which made 
her deferving of an exalted ftation 5 beauty and wit, united 
with uncommon ftrength of mind and loundnefs of judg¬ 
ment. Her accomplifhments made little impreliion upon 
the Item and jealous character of her hulband ; nor, in¬ 
deed, was conjugal fidelity fuppofed to be one of her vir¬ 
tues. When Plautianus had acquired the entire confi¬ 
dence of Severus, his haughtinefs rendered him obnoxious 
to the emprefs, and a declared enmity broke out between 
them. - He excited fufpicions againft her in the mind of 
the emperor, and caufed feveral ladies of rank among her 
intimates to be put to the torture ; fo that Ihe found it 
neceflary for her fafety to withdraw from all public.affairs, 
and occupy herfelf in the ftudy of letters and philofophy. 
She invited to her court men diftinguilhed for literary re¬ 
putation ; and it was at her requeit that Philoftratus 
wrote the life of that lingular perfon, Apollonius of Tyana. 
After the death of Severus in 211, Ihe ufed her influence 
to reconcile and preferve in friendlhip her two fons Cara- 
calla and Geta. She oppofed the diviiion of the empire 
between them ; but was fo far from being able to ef¬ 
fect their fraternal union, that Ihe was foon witnefs to the 
fhocking cataftrophe of Geta, ftabbed in her arms by his 
brother’s orders. It was a cruel addition to her borrow 
that Ihe was not even permitted to weep over her murdered 
fon. Ambition, however, appears in her difpofition to 
have predominated over her tendernefs, and Ihe was flat¬ 
tered by the lhare Caracalla gave her in the government, 
and by his attention to place her name along with his in 
his letters to the fenate and people. This deference was, 
however, mo-re apparent than real, and Ihe was not able 
to prevent him from pra< 5 Hfing thole follies and enormities 
which led to his ruin. His death plunged her into the 
deepeft affliction. She beat her breaft, and broke out into 
violent inveCtives againft his fucceffor, Macrinus. But, 
finding Ihe was (till treated as an emprefs, Ihe confoled 
herfelf with the hopes of a return to power, and began to 
enter into intrigues for that purpofe. Macrinus, when 
’Vet. XI, No. 772. 
J U L 50f> 
informed of them, ordered her to quit Antioch; and her 
death foon followed, in 217. It is generally agreed that 
Ihe haftened her own dilfolution ; but whether it was from 
the orders of Macrinus, or to free herfelf from the pains 
of a cancer, that (lie abftained from food, is not afcertained. 
Her name has been tranfmitted to polterity by the adula¬ 
tion of the learned, as the patronefs of every art, and the 
friend of every man of genius in her time. 
JULI'ACUM, a town of Germany, now Juliers, 
which fee. 
JU'LIAN, a Roman emperor, ftyled the Apoflale, be¬ 
caufe be profeffed the Chriftian religion before he afcend- 
ed the throne, but afterwards openly embraced Paganifrn, 
and endeavoured to abolilh Chriftianity. He made no 
ufe of violence, however, for this purpofe ; for he knew 
. that violent meafures had always rendered it more flou- 
rifhing; he therefore behaved with a politic mildnefs to 
the Chriftians ; recalled all who had been banilhed on ac¬ 
count of religion under the reign of Conftantius ; and 
undertook to pervert them by his cardies, and by tempo¬ 
ral advantages and mortifications covered over by artful 
pretences ; but he forbade Chriftians to plead before courts 
of juftice, or to enjoy any public employments. He even 
prohibited their teaching polite literature; well knowing 
the great advantages they drew from profane authors in 
their attacks upon Paganifrn and irreligion. Though he 
on all occafions Ihowed a foverejgn contempt for the 
Chriftians, whom he always called Galileans , yet he was 
fenfible of the advantage they obtained by their virtue 
and the purity of their manners; and therefore inceflantly 
propofed their example to the Pagan priefts. At laft, 
however, when he found that all other methods fail¬ 
ed, he gave public employments to the rnoft cruel ene¬ 
mies of the Chriftians; when the cities in moft of the pro¬ 
vinces were filled with tumults and feditions, and many 
of them were put to death : though it has been pleaded 
by Julian’s apologifts, that the behaviour of the Chriftians 
furniftied fufficient pretence for moft of his proceedings 
againft them, and the animofities among themfelves fur¬ 
niftied him with the means ; that they were continually 
prone to fsdition, and made a merit of infulting the pub¬ 
lic worfhip; and, finally, that they made no temple of 
declaring, that want of numbers alone prevented them 
from engaging in an open rebellion. Hiftorians mention, 
that Julian attempted to prove the falfehood of our Lord’s 
prednflion with refpeft to the temple of Jerufalem ; and 
refolved to have that edifice rebuilt by the Jews, about 
three hundred years after its deftruftion by Titus ; but 
all their endeavours ferved only the more perfectly to ve¬ 
rify what had been foretold by Jefus Chrift ; for the Jews, 
who had affembled from all parts to Jerufalem, digging 
the foundations, flames of fire burft forth and confumed 
the tvorkmen. See the article Jerusalem, vol. x. p. 781. 
However, the Jews, who were oblfinately bent on accom- 
pliflling that work, made feveral attempts ; but it is laid, 
that all who endeavoured to lay the foundations perilhed 
by thele flames, which at lali obliged them entirely to 
abandon the work. Julian, being mortally wounded in a 
battle with the Perfians, died the following night, June 26, 
363, aged 32. For a particular account of his reign and 
exploits, fee the article Rome. 
No prince wars ever more differently reprefented by dif¬ 
ferent authors; on which account it is difficult to form a 
true judgment of his real character. It mull, however, 
be acknowledged, that he was learned, liberal, temperate, 
brave, vigilant, and a lover of juftice; but, on the other 
hand, he had apoftatifed to Paganifrn; was an enemy to 
the Chriftian religion ; and was, in fact, a perfecutor, 
though not of the moft fanguinary clafs. We have feveral 
of his difeourfes or orations ; fome of his Letters ; a trea- 
tife intitled Mlfopogon , which is a fatire on the inhabitants 
of Antioch ; and “ The Caefars,” which, in the form of a 
fable, freely difeufles the characters of feveral of the em¬ 
perors, his predecelfors : of thefe he gives the fuperiority 
to Marcus Antoninus, whom he made his model in his. 
6 O religious 
