510 
J U L 
religious and philofophical quality; although m temper 
he greatly differed from him. Of the works of Julian, 
an elaborate edition was given by the learned Spanheim, 
Gr. and Lat. folio, Lipf. 1696. The Casfars have been 
printed feparately ; the bed edition is Heufinger’s, Gotha, 
Syo. 1741-. An Englifh tranflation of all Julian’s Works, 
with a life, notes, &c. was publiihed by J. Duncombe, 
M. A. 8 vo. 179^* 
JU'LIAN, a learned Italian prelate in the fifth century, 
an opponent of St. Auguftine on the fuhjefts of original 
lin, predeftination, See. was the fon of Memor bifhop of 
Capua, and born before the year 386. Memor was the in¬ 
timate friend of St. Auguftine, who, as appears from his 
thirty-firft letter, entertained a great regard for the fubjedt 
of this letter, and ltrongly preffed his father to fend him 
to him into Africa. Julian ftudied divinity at firft under 
Pelagius, either in Rome or in Sicily, and afterwards un¬ 
der Theodore of Mopf'ueftia ; and, having been admitted 
into orders, was appointed deacon to his father. He fiiled 
this poll in the year 408 ; but in the year 416 he was railed 
to the epifcopal dignity by pope Innocent I. and appointed 
to the fee of Eclane, a city fituated between Campania 
and Apulia. He had embraced the Pelagian dodtrine, and 
was fo fully convinced of its truth, that he was accuf- 
tomed to fay, that, if Pelagius himfelf lliould renounce it, 
he would not. Julian is faid not to have made his opi¬ 
nions public during the life of Innocent; but under the 
pontificate of Zofinnis, about the year 417, when that pope 
lent a circular letter into all the provinces of the Chriltian 
world, anathematizing the tenets of Pelagius, Julian and 
feventeen other prelates refufed to fubferibe to it. On 
this occafion Julian wrote two letters to Zofimus, one of 
which was figned by all of them, and contained a confef- 
iion of their faith, with a declaration of their appeal in 
defence of their opinions to an oecumenical council. This 
appeal fo highly exafperated Zofimus, that, in a council 
haitily affembled at Rome, he condemned anew Pelagius 
and Caeleftinus, and with them Julian and the other pre¬ 
lates who had figned the Confelfion of Faith, declaring 
them degraded, as heretics, from the epifcopal dignity. 
Julian’s letters contained alfo attacks on the doctrine of 
St. Auguftine concerning original fin, and were fent to 
that prelate, who wrote four books in reply to them. In 
the year 1419, Julian, having met with the firft book of 
St. Auguftine concerning concupifcence and marriage, 
wrote four books againft it; a little after which he was ba- 
nifhed from Italy by an imperial edifft, and compelled to 
retire into the Eaft. He took Ihelter with his friend The¬ 
odore, bifhop of Mopfueftia, and there wrote, if we may 
credit M. Mercator, eight books againft Auguftine’s fe- 
cond book of concupifcence and marriage, as well as other 
pieces in defence of his principles. This retreat he was 
obliged to quit in the year 423, having been condemned 
for herefy in a fynod of the Cilician bilhops. In the fol¬ 
lowing year, he went to Conftantinople. A memorial, 
however, which Marius Mercator prefented to the emperor 
Theodofius in the year 429, produced fuch prejudices 
againft him, that he -was banifhed from Conftantinople; 
and in the following year he was condemned in a fynod 
which pope Casleftine held at Rome. He was afterwards 
condemned by the oecumenical council of Ephefus, in 431. 
From this time he wandered about from place to place, 
till at length he found an afylum in Sicily, where he is 
laid to have gained his livelihood by keeping a fchool. 
Under the papacy of Sixtus III. in 439, he made frefii ef¬ 
forts to be restored to his bifhopric ; but without fuccefs, 
as no perfuafions could induce him to abjure the fenti- 
meuts which he thought to be true, or to fubferibe to 
tliofe which he conceived to be falfe. The time of his 
death is uncertain. He poffeffed a bold and lively genius, 
was well verled in the different branches of polite learn¬ 
ing, intimately acquainted with the facred Scripture, un¬ 
commonly eloquent, and, according to the teltimony of 
Gt-nnadius, before he avowed his attachment to the opi¬ 
nions of Pelagius was conlidered to be one of the moll 
J u L 
learned doctors of the church. He was alfo celebrated for 
his piety, benevolence, and charity; but all thefe good qua¬ 
lities and endowments could not atone for his fuppofed 
want of orthodoxy. We have only fragments of his works 
remaining, one of which, containing the confeflion of 
faith above mentioned, was publiihed at Paris, in a lepa- 
rate form, by father Garner, in 1668, oeftavo, with notes, 
a defence of Julian, and three long differtations. The 
reft are fcattered throughout the works of St. Auguftine, 
Marius Mercator, &c. 
JU'LIAN, a faint in the Roman calendar, and an illuf- 
trious Spanilh prelate in the feventh century, according 
to Mariana, in the lixlh chapter of his Hiftory of Spain, 
was of Jewilh defeent, and the difciple of Eugenius II. 
one of his predeceifors in the lee of Toledo. To that high 
dignity he was ordained in the year 680, and afterwards 
presided at different councils held in that city, in 681, 683, 
684, and 688. He died in 690, efteemed as the molt learn¬ 
ed ornament of the church in his time, and highly com¬ 
mended for his piety, virtues, and amiable manners. He 
was the author of, 1. Prognofticorum futuri Sseculi, leu 
de Origine Mortis humanas, de Receptaculis Animarum a ds 
Relurrectione, & Extremo Judicio, Lib. III. publilhed,by 
Cochleus at Leipfic, in 1535, and are inferted in the ele¬ 
venth volume of the Bibi. Pa.tr. 2. De Demonftratione 
Sextae iEtatis, live Chriiti Adventu, adverfus Judseos, Lib, 
III. ad Ervigium Regem, inferted in the fecond volume 
of the Orthodoxogr. SS. Patr. 3. Hiftoria Wambae Regis 
Gothorum Expeditione, qua rebellantem Pauium Ducem 
Narbonenfem debeilavit, edited in the firft volume of 
Chefne’s Script. Franc. 
Cave fays, that this prelate avas alfo known by the name 
of Pomerius. He is, however, to be diftinguilhed from 
Julian Pomerius, who flourilhed in the fifth century, 
was a Moor by birth, and afterwards ordained a prelbyter 
at Arles. He is highly commended by Gennadius, for the 
fanftity of his life, and his learned ufeful works, of which 
he mentions the titles of different pieces, now loft. The 
only treatife of his in exiftence, is entitled, De Vita con- 
templativa, five de futurse Vita; Contemplatione, vel de 
attuali Converfatione, Lib. III. which is analyzed by Du- 
pin. This treatife was firft publiihed among St. Prolper’s 
works, under whofe name it was quoted for more than 
eight hundred years. The teftimony, however, of Gen¬ 
nadius, and Ifidore, which is corroborated by that of fe- 
veral ancient manuscripts, obliges us to aferibe it to this 
author. 
JU'LIAN (St.), a harbour on the coaft of Patagonia, in 
South America, where Ihips bound to the Pacific Ocean 
ufually touch for refrefliment. Lat. 48, 51. S. Ion. 65. 
10. W. 
JU'LIAN CAL'ENDAR, is that depending on, and 
connected with, the Julian year and account of time ; fo 
called from Julius Caefar, by whom it was eftablilhed. See 
Calendar, vol. iii. 
JU'LIAN E'POCH, is that of the inftitution of the Ju¬ 
lian reformation of the calendar, which began the 46th 
year before Chrift. 
JU'LIAN PE'RIOD, is a cycle of 7980 confecutive 
years, invented by Julius Scaliger, from whom it was 
named ; though fome fay his name was Jofeph Scaliger, and 
that it was called the Julian period, becaufe he made ufe 
of the Julian year. See the article Chronology, vol. iv. 
p. 538. Scaliger fixed the beginning of this period 764. 
years before the creation, or rather the period naturally 
reduces to that year, taking the numbers of the three 
given cycles as he then found them; and, accounting 3950 
years from the creation to the birth of Chrift, this makes 
the ilt year of the Chriltian era anfwer to the 4714th year 
of the Julian period. Archbilhop Uflier makes 4004 years 
from the creation to the birth of Chrift, anfwering to the 
Julian year 710. See Chronology, vol. iv. p. 540. In 
either cafe, therefore, to find the year of this period an- 
fwering to any propofed year of Chrift, to the eonftant 
number 4713 add the given year of Chrift, and the Ann 
