5 12 
J U L 
binet of antiques and curiofities. His reputation as an 
architect was fo high, that he was applied to for defigns 
from diftant parts ; and at the death of San Gallo, archi¬ 
tect of St. Peter’s at Rome, he was nominated to fupply 
his place. But, before he could take polfelfion of.it, he 
fell into a difeafe, which carried him off at Mantua in 
1546, at the age of fifty-four. He left a daughter, and a 
foil named after his great mailer, who promifed to excel 
in the art, but died in the flower of his age. Beiides the 
works already mentioned, feveral others of his execution 
are remaining at Rome, Mantua, and in other cities of 
Italy, as well as in collections. Not fewer than two hun¬ 
dred and fifty of his defigns have been engraved by diffe¬ 
rent mailers. 
JULIOM'AGUS, a city of Gaul; now Angers, in 
Anjou. 
JULIOP'OLIS, in ancient geography, a town of Bithy- 
nia, fuppofed by fome to be the fame as Tarfius of Cilicia. 
JU'LIS, in ancient geography, a town of the iiland of 
Cos, which gave birth to Simonides, &c. The walls of 
this city were all marble, and there are now fome pieces 
remaining entire above twelve feet in height, as the mo¬ 
numents of its ancient fplendour. Pliny. 
JU'LIUS I. pope, was a Roman by birth, and fucceeded 
to the papal fee on the death of Mark, in the year 337. At 
this time the celebrated Athanafius lived in a flate of exile 
at Treves ; but in the following year was permitted to re¬ 
turn to Alexandria, by the emperors Conftantine, Conftan- 
tius,and Conftans. This circumftance excited an alarm in 
the Arian party, who wrote bitter letters againft him to the 
three princes, as well as to the bifliop of Rome, and lent de¬ 
puties to the latter, who entreated him to alfemble a general 
council for the purpofe of deciding on the acculations pre¬ 
ferred againft Athanafius, offering, according to the tefti- 
mony of the latter, to fubmit to Julius as their judge. This 
council afiembled at Rome in the year 341, and was at¬ 
tended by Athanafius, but not by the Arians, notwith- 
ltanding that it had been convened at their requeft. With¬ 
out paying tlieleaft regard to the pope’s citation to attend 
it, they afiembled a council at Antioch, in which, with¬ 
out waiting for the judgment of Julius and the Roman 
council, they depofed Athanafius, and appointed Gregory 
bifliop of Alexandria in his room. In the Roman coun¬ 
cil, on the other hand, Athanafius was pronounced inno¬ 
cent of the ciitnes alleged againft him, and admitted by 
Julius to his communion, as an orthodox pillar of the 
church. While this council was fitting, the meflengers 
who had carried Julius's citation to theEaft returned from 
their million, and delivered to him a letter from the Arians, 
in which, after offeiing excufes for not appearing at the 
council of Rome, they informed Julius, that if he renoun¬ 
ced all correfpondence and infercourfe with the bifliops 
whom they had depofed, and acknowledged thofe whom 
they had placed in their room, they would continue to 
communicate with him ; but that, if he refufed, they had 
determined to l'eparate them (elves from his communion. 
The letter which he lent in reply, containing a defence of 
his own conduft towards Athanafius, reproaches of the 
eaftern bifliops for tranfgrefling the canons of the church, 
&c. having produced no effect on the Arians, Julius ap¬ 
plied to the emperors to call an oecumenical council, in 
order to put an end to the divifions in the church. By 
their command a numerous council afiembled at Sardica, 
the metropolis of Dacia, in Illyricum, in the year 347, 
from which the Oriental hilhops foon withdrew, upon the 
council's refilling to exclude Athanafius and fome others 
whom they had condemned. The field being thus left to 
the orthodox party, they confirmed the a£ts of the council 
of Rome ; pronounced the innocence of Athanafius and 
three other bifliops who had been condemned by the Ari¬ 
ans ; and declared thofe who had been placed in their room, 
not only depofed, but anathematized, and cut off from the 
communion of the catholic church. In the height of 
their zeal for orthodoxy, they introduced for the firlt time, 
ami authorized, the practice of appealing to the pope in 
J u L 
contefted ecclefiaftical concerns, of which the fuccdfors 
of Julius in the fee of Rome availed themfelves in eita- 
blilhing the enormous fpiritual tyranny which by degrees 
they erected in the church. We do not find any other 
particulars relating to the pontificate of Julius which are 
worthy of notice, before his death in 352, at which time 
he had prefided over the Roman church fifreen years and 
fomething more than two months. Of the many writings 
aferibed to this pope, the only authentic pieces extant are 
two Letters; one addrelfed to the Oriental bifliops, and 
the other to the people of Alexandria in favour of Atha¬ 
nafius : both of which are introduced into Athanalius’s 
Apolog. de Fuga, and the former is inferted in the fecond 
volume of the Collect. Concil. Some fragments of other 
Letters and Decrees are interfperfed throughout the works 
of Gratian, and Ives bifliop of Chartres. 
JU'LIUS II. pope, formerly known by the name of Ju¬ 
lian della Rove re, was the nephew of pope Sixtus IV. and 
born at Alvizale near Savona, about the year 1443. He 
he is laid to have been of mean extraction, and to have 
followed for fome time the occupation of a waterman ; and 
Bandello relates, that he would often fay, that, when a 
boy, he frequently carried onions in a boat from his na¬ 
tive place for fale at Genoa. We meet with no further 
information concerning him, till we find that he was pre¬ 
ferred by his uncle pope Sixtus to the fee of Carpentras, 
and raifed to the purple in the year 1471, by the title of 
Cardinal Prelbyter of St. Peter ad vincula. By the lame 
pope he was fucceflively made bilhop of Albano, Oltia, 
Bologna, and Avignon; created fub-dean of the facred 
college, high penitentiary and apoftolic legate at Avignon. 
Upon the breaking out of an inlurrection in Ombria, his 
uncle gave him the command of the papal troops, which 
was an employment perfectly fuited to his genius. The 
abilities and vigour which he difplayed in crulhing that 
rebellion, raifed him to high reputation, and to proporti¬ 
onate influence and power at Rome. In the year 1480, he 
was fent legate into France ; and four years afterwards, 
upon the death of his uncle, by his influence in the con¬ 
clave, conjointly with that of cardinal Roderic Borgia, 
then chancellor. Innocent VIII. obtained the papacy. 
While that pontiff lived, he was in high favour at the pa¬ 
pal courts but, during the popedom of his infamous fuc- 
celfor, Alexander VI. having reafon to apprehend that his 
life was in danger on account of his wealth, which was 
coveted by Alexander, he retired into France, and attend¬ 
ed king Charles in his expedition againft Naples. Upon 
the death of Alexander, his influence prevailed in pro¬ 
curing the eleclion of Pius III. and, after his Ihort pon¬ 
tificate of twenty-fix days, our cardinal, by his intrigues, 
promifes, and bribes, fecured to himfelf the fucceflion be¬ 
fore the opening of the conclave. Accordingly, the car¬ 
dinals had no fooner alfembled on the laft day of October 
1503, than they gave their unanimous vote that evening in 
favour of the cardinal of St. Peter, who took the name of 
Julius II. No fooner was he feated in the pontifical chair, 
than he became remarkable for his warlike dilpolition, and 
his political negociations : by the latter, he engaged the 
principal powers of Europe to league with him againft the 
republic of Venice, called the league of Cambray, ligned in 
1508. The Venetians having purchafed peace by the cef- 
fion of part Romania, Julius turned his arms againft Louis 
XII. king of France, and appeared in perfon armed cap- 
a-pee, at the fiege of Mirandola ; which place he took by 
allault in 1511. But, proceeding to excommunicate Louis, 
the king wifely turned his own weapons againft him, by 
calling a general council at Pifa ; at which the pope, refu¬ 
ting to appear, was declared to befulpended from the holy 
fee ; and Louis, in his turn, excommunicated the pope, 
who died loon after, in February 1513, at the age of fe- 
venty, and after a pontificate of nine years and between 
three and four months. See the article Rome. Julius 
was a perfon of confiderable abilities, courage, and relo- 
lution ; but arrogant, delpotic, and furious in his temper; 
of infatiable ambition, and poiielfing the Jjioft extravagant 
1 palliha 
