518 
J U N 
almoft naked j panicle with unequal branches, one twice 
as long as the reft; involucre fpinofe; feeds lanceolate. 
Panicle not fpreading, from three to fix inches long, con¬ 
fiding of two principal branches, one of which is from 
three to upwards of fix inches long, the other very (hoit, 
immediately dividing into fmaller branches. Involucre 
the (heath of the outer leaf about one inch long, termi¬ 
nating in a very (harp-pointed pungent leaf, from three 
to upwards of fix inches long; that of the inner about 
half an inch long. Mr. Woodward, who is doubtful whe¬ 
ther it be not a variety of J. inflexus, fays that it grows 
an tufts near fix feet high, and that the leaves are ex¬ 
tremely rigid and (harp. It is found on the weft coaft of 
Wales; in the falt-mar(hes about Maldon, Eflex; and on 
the coaft of Norfolk and Lancalhire. Thefe.l'ea-rufhes are 
planted on the fea-banks in Holland ; the roots running 
deep into the fand, and matting very much, fo as to hold 
it together. In the fummer, when they are fully grown, 
they cut them, tie them up in bundles, dry them, and 
work them into ba(kets, &c. On the Maefe, &c. they 
grow upwards of four feet high. 
3. Juncus conglomerate, or round-headed rufli : culm 
naked, ftiff; head lateral. Root perennial, horizontal, 
clofe, covered with ovate fcales; fibres filiform, very long. 
Culms from one to two feet in height, upright, round, 
imooth ; (heaths at the bafe ftriated, blunt, leaflets, awned, 
the uppermoit three times as long as the reft. Root-leaves 
few, very like the culms. Head of flowers roundilh, foli- 
tary, feldom two together, from the fiflure of the culm 
burfting out below- the top. Native of Europe, on moift 
meadows and heaths. 
4. juncus effucus, or common foft rufli: culm naked, 
ftiff, imooth ; panicle lateral, fcattered, clofe ; root-fcales 
opaque. Root, culms, root-leaves, and peduncles, as in 
the preceding, Only larger. Culm three feet high, thicker, 
■fofter to the touch, eafily broken, filled with a clofe pith. 
Native of Europe in wet meadows, marflies, Sec. They 
flower in July and Auguft. Thefe are uled fometimes for 
making little balkets. The pith of both makes wicks for 
watch-lights, and toys. Thefe, with the hard rufli, grow 
common on moift, ftrong, uncultivated, lands in moft 
parts of England, and conlume the herbage where they 
are fuffered to remain. The beft method of deftroying 
them is, to fork them up clean by the roots in July, and, 
after having let them lie a fortnight or three weeks, to 
put them in heaps, and burn them gently; the aflies will 
be good manure for the land. But to prevent their grow¬ 
ing again, and to'make the pafture good, the land (hould 
foe drained ; and then, if the roots be annually drawn up, 
and the ground kept duly rolled, the rallies may be fub- 
dued. 
5. Juncus tenax, or common hard rufli: culm naked, 
ftiff, ltriated ; panicle lateral, thin; root-fcales Aiming. 
The hard rufli is common in paftures and by road-fides, 
in a moift foil; in England, Madeira, New- Zealand, &c. 
6. Juncus inflexus, or bending foft rufli: culm naked, 
membranaceous, and curved in at top ; panicle lateral. 
Roots tufted, llightly comprefled, with a black bark, and 
abundance of fibres. Culms three quarters of a yard in 
height, with a dark-red (hining (heath at the bafe, and 
curved at top ; below the curvature, for almoft a foot in 
length, it puts forth on one fide, from a cleft in the culm, 
many peduncles, fuftaining abundance of flowers. This 
lias been taken, by many authors, for our common hard rufli. 
Native of the fouth of Europe, in a ftrong foil, fubjedt to 
wet, but where the water is clear. 
7. Juncus filiformis,*or lead foft rufli: culm naked, fili¬ 
form, nodding; panicle lateral. Root perennial, hori¬ 
zontal, creeping; covered with fmooth, brown, ftriated, 
imbricated, fcales; fibres filiform, but little branched, 
downy. Culms about a foot high, nearly ereCt, weak, 
ftriated, fmooth ; at the bafe clofed with oblong, (heath- 
like, ftriated, brown, obtufe fcales, fome of which fre¬ 
quently end in a little point, flowering about the middle; 
at the top more or lefs incurved, and (harp-pointed. Leaves 
c u s. 
fcarcely any, except the barren ftetrn be fo called. Native 
of Lapland, Swiflerland, Germany, Italy, Britain, on turf- 
bogs: Dr. Smith found it on the afeent of Mont Cenis 
from Italy, and on the Col de Balm, near Chamouny in 
Savoy ; Mr. Newton, in Weftmoreland, near Amblefide 5. 
Mr. Jackfon, at Windermoor in Cartmel; Mr. Dickfon* 
near Derwentwater in Cumberland, and on BenLawers in 
Scotland. 
8. Juncus trifidus, or three-flowered rufli: culm naked; 
leaves and three flowers terminating. Root perennial, 
woody, (triking deep, creeping, with blackifh fibres, put¬ 
ting forth clofe tufts of ftems and leaves. Culms a fpan 
or more in length, round, (tiffifn, briftle-fliaped, upright, 
with lanceolate brownifli (heaths at the bafe, accompa¬ 
nied by one, two, or three, briftle-fliaped leaves, involv¬ 
ing the culm in their (heaths. Dr. Withering (ays, that 
the flowers are from one to four ; and Lighttoot, that it 
varies with one, two, and three, axillary and almoft feflile 
flowers ; but that the (pecimens he found had all Angle 
flowers. Native of Lapland, Denmark, Swifferland, France, 
Silelia, and Scotland on the l'ummitsof the Highland moun¬ 
tains. 
9. Juncus fquarrofus, mofs-rufli, or goofe-corn: culm 
naked; leaves briftle-fliaped; heads glomerate, leaflefs. 
Root perennial; Item upright, ltiff* from eight to eigti-. 
teen inches high. Native of moft parts of Europe, on 
nioorifli heathy ground, and turf bogs ; flowering in June 
and July. It indicates a barren foil, and the leaves lying 
clofe to the ground elude the ftroke of the fey the. Horfes 
are faid to eat it. 
10. Juncus punftorius, or prickly rufli: culm naked', 
round ; leaf round, jointed, mucronate ; panicle glome¬ 
rate. Culm two feet high and more, round, fmooth. 
Root-leaves none; but only two membranes, the rudi¬ 
ments of leaves. A Angle Item-leaf, like the culm, but a 
little longer, ftiff, mucronate, pujigent. Panicle termi¬ 
nating, clofely conglomerate, of a few glomes arifing from 
the glume. It is allied to J. articulatus, but all the parts 
are ltouter, not to mention other circumftances. Native 
of the Cape of Good Hope. 
11. With leafy culms, n. juncus nodofus, or knotty- 
rath : leaves knotted-jointed; petals piucronate. This 
refembles J. articulatus very much, but the flowers are 
more collected in heads; the heads thinner, larger, and 
the branches of the panicle Ample, not fuperdecompound 5 
but it is chiefly diftinguiflied by the petals being protract¬ 
ed into an awl-lhaped point. Native of North America. 
ii. Juncus comprelfus, or fmaller jointed ru(h : culm 
leafy, decumbent; leaves comprefled, knotted-jointed; 
panicle compound. Root perennial, horizontal, woody, 
round, fibrofe; root-leaves more than a foot in length, 
cylindric-comprelfed, fmooth, fiftular, divided internally, 
knotted-jointed when dry. Culm from two to three feet 
high, upright, round, fmooth, leafy, with four or five 
joints concealed by the (heaths. Native of meadows and 
marlhes. 
13. Juncus nemorofus, or greater jointed ru(h: culm 
leafy, ereCt; leaves roundifh, knotted-jointed ; panicle fu- 
perdecompound. This differs, according to Leers, from 
the foregoing in having the leaves cylindric, higher than 
the culms ; the panicle more branched, and fuperdecom- 
pound ; the heads many-flowered and larger; the flowers 
purple and (hining ; the petals extremely acute, the three 
inner ones a little lhorterthan the others. Native of moift 
woods. In the Englifli Botany it is remarked, that there 
feems to be no realon for making the upland variety of 
this plant a diftinCt fpecies ; that it is certain at lead, that 
neither the leaves being more or lefs comprefled, nor the 
panicle more or lefs compound, are permanent marks of 
diftindtion. 
14. Juncus uliginofus, or lead jointed rufli: culm leafy; 
flowers in bundles, bundles proliferous; leaves briftle- 
fliaped, jointed-knotted. This differs from the two pre¬ 
ceding in having either all the flowers ora few of them 
growing out into green and purpie bundles of leaves. The 
fiowerq 
