J U N C U S. 
flowers in autumn are frequently viviparous, the germs 
(hooting young leaves before, the feeds are ripe, as in J. 
bulbofus. The jointed rufh alfo frequently produces 
bunches of reddifh leaves, inftead of umbels of flowers, 
in bogs and ditches in the autumn. Thefe leaves feem 
to put on this appearance from fome obftruftion in the 
growth of the plant, occafioned by an infect of the Coc¬ 
cus tribe. Native of the heaths and bogs ; as Gamlingay- 
heath, Bullington-green, Eynlham-heath, &c. 
15. Juncus alpinus, or alpine jointed ruth: culm leafy; 
leaves feflile, jointed-knotted ; panicle Ample; glumes 
awned. Root creeping. Leaves pointed, feldom jointed. 
Culms five or fix inches high, terminating in a fimple 
umbel of black fliining flowers, with a hard lanceolate 
point. Capfule fhort, and more blunt than in the pre¬ 
ceding fpecies. Native of the Alps and the high moun¬ 
tains of Dauphine. Thefe four are probably varieties 
arifing from fituation. 
16. Juncus bulbofus, or bulbous rufli: leaves linear, 
channelled ; capfules blunt. With us, the bulbous ruth 
varies in height from two inches to two feet. It is fome- 
times viviparous. Native of wet meadows and heaths, 
and on the fea-coaft; flowering in Auguft. 
17. Juncus bufonius, ortoad-rufh : culm dichotomous ; 
leaves angular; flowers folitary, feflile. Root annual, 
fibrofe. Culms ufually from feven to nine inches in 
height, but varying much from one to ten inches; up¬ 
right, roundifli, fmooth. In the fmaller plants the leaves 
are very flender, not angular, but folded together. Flowers 
moftly in pairs, and only one feflile ; but in all the ripe cap¬ 
fules are brown, fliining, ajnd ftiorter than the calyx. This 
is likewife found fometimes viviparous. Native of wet 
gravelly or fandy paftures, efpecially where water ftag- 
nates in winter. It flowers from May to Auguft. 
18. Juncus ftygius, or infernal ruth: leaves briftle- 
fhaped, fomewhat depreffed ; peduncles in pairs, termi¬ 
nating; glumes folitary, fubbiflorous. Root perennial, Am¬ 
ple, jointed, with folitary radicles, covered with the remains 
of the leaves of the preceding year. Linnaeus at firft con¬ 
founded this with J. bufonius, from which it is very dil- 
tinft. It is a native of Sweden in deep and wood bogs ; 
Linnaeus had it from Lapland and Upland. Probably it 
has not been diftinguiftied from J. bufonius : and may 
perhaps be a native of Britain. 
19. Juncus Jacquini, or Jacquin’s rufli: leaf awl-fliaped ; 
head terminating; four-flowered, or thereabouts. Root 
perennial, brown, horizontal, knobbed, fending forth very 
long fibres perpendicularly. Culms feveral, quite fimple, 
round, upright, from three to fix inches high, with a few 
(heaths at the bafe. On each culm a Angle leaf, awl- 
fliaped, round, flightly grooved, acuminate and mortified 
at the end, almoft upright, (heathing at the bafe, varying 
in fituation, but never at the bottom of the culm ; root- 
leaves of the fame ftrufture. The whole plant is fmooth. 
Native of the Alps, flowering in June. 
20. Juncus biglumis, or two-flowered rufli: leaf awl- 
fliaped ; glume two-flowered, terminating. Root peren¬ 
nial, fibrofe, fimple, perpendicular. Culm feldom an inch 
in height, round, marked with a fimple ftreak, covered at 
bottom with the remains of withered leaves, at top with 
the Iheath of the fingle leaf, which is the length of the 
fcape, fliining, twice as thick as the culm, tubular, mor¬ 
tified at the end, channelled below, fheathing the culm up 
to the middle. Leaves four or five, furrounding the lower 
part of the culm, and changing into fcales. This rufli 
Las the appearance of Schoenus ferrugineus, and is a na¬ 
tive of the Lapland alps, where it was found by Montin. 
21. Juncus triglumis, or three-flowered mill: leaves 
flat; glume three-flowered, terminating. Culms in tufts, 
three inches high or more, foft, covered at the bafe with 
brown (heaths. Native of the Lapland Alps, Denmark, 
Swifferland, Auftria, Italy, and Siberia. 
22. Juncus pilofus, or fmall hairy wood-rufli: leaves 
flat, hairy ; corymb fomewhat branched ; flowers folitary. 
3 
519 
Root perennial, with numerous brown fibres, and (hort 
pointed (hoots, fo that it is fomewhat creeping. Culms 
many, about a fpan or more in length, nearly upright, 
leafy, naked above, fimple, fmooth, Itriated, round, fur- 
nifhed with three or four joints, which are not protube¬ 
rant. Root-leaves numerous, three or four inches long, 
three lines or three lines and a half broad, fomewhat nar¬ 
rower at the bafe, a little concave, dull green 011 the up¬ 
per furface, fmooth, and rather glofl'y, beneath paler green 
and flightly gloffy, at the edges efpecially, covered with a 
few long hairs, which are molt numerous towards the bafe 
of the leaf, often of a reddilh colour, a little blunt, and as 
it were cut off at the point. Flowers forming a fpreading 
panicle. Flower-ftalks of unequal lengths, a few fimple, 
moft of them proliferous, dichotomous or trichotomous, 
finally ■ ftretching out backwards, all fupporting a fingle 
flower, the intermediate ones feflile. Perianth-leaves ob¬ 
long, pointed,, keeled, concave, purplilh-brown, and per¬ 
manent. Germ pointed. This and the following fpecies 
are diftinguiftied by their grafs-like hairy leaves. J. pilo¬ 
fus differs from campeftris, not only in its place of growth, 
but in having its flowers (land fingly, and not in clufters. 
Whilft the campeftris delights in expofed places, the pi- 
lofus is found only in woods and (hady fituations. From 
this circumftance w ( e may perhaps account for its flower¬ 
ing earlier than any of the others; for, if the feafon be 
not very unfavourable, it will begin to flower in Febru¬ 
ary, and is ufually out of bloom the beginning of May. 
23. Juncus fpadiceus, or barrow-rufti : leaves flat, hairy 
from the (heath; flowers very fmall; corymbed, folitary, 
(hortly awned. Culm a foot in height at moft. Root- 
leaves fcarcely two lines in breadth, fubhirfute, but with 
the (heath fmooth, fpringing from a little tuft of brown 
membranous fcales. Culm-leaves (our or five, narrowing 
infenfibly, fpringing from a (heath as long as themfelves, 
and producing a pencil of long filky hairs at its fepara- 
tion from the (tern. Flowers very numerous, in a falls 
umbel, on peduncles that are filiform, and diminifh in 
length as they are higher on the ftem, infomuch that the 
lower ones (land higher at top than the upper ones. Na¬ 
tive of the Alps. 
24. Juncus fylvaticus, or great hairy wood-ru(h : leaves 
flat, hairy ; corymb decompound ; flowers in bundles, (ef- 
file. The leaves of this are not only much broader and 
more concave, but more (harply pointed, than thofe of the 
pilofus ; it flowers three weeks or a month later ; and, when 
the flowering is over, the peduncles of the pilofus are more 
reflexed or pendulous than thofe of the fylvaticus. It 
flowers in May, or earlier if the feafon be mild. In fome 
fituations this fpecies is very large and tall, but it more 
ufually occurs with a (talk little more than a foot high. 
If the height of campeftris be nine inches, that of pilofus is 
eleven, and of fylvaticus fifteen. It is not uncommon in 
woods. 
25. Juncus niveus, or white-flowered rufli : leaves flat, 
fomewhat hairy; corymbs (hotter than the leaf; flowers 
in bundles. Height three feet; leaves fcarcely a line in 
breadth. Native of the Alps of Swifferland, See. 
26. Juncus campeftris, or hairy field-rufti: leaves flat, 
fomewhat hairy; lpikes fellile and peduncled. Root pe¬ 
rennial, fomewhat woody, with numerous blackifti fibres, 
creeping. Culm fimple, from three to nine inches high, 
upright, leafy, fomewhat enlarged at bottom, round, 
fmooth, without joints. Leaves pointed, the tips often 
mortified, or of a reddifh brown colour, without any mem¬ 
brane. Flowers ten or twelve in each (pikelet, feflile. 
Seeds ufually three, roundifli, olive-coloured. Thus the 
field-rufh appears in its moft ulual (fate in dry paftures ; 
in fucli fituations it has feldom more than three or four 
fpikelets; in moilter richer foils, particularly in boggy 
ground, it often has a much greater number. But, although 
it may vary in fize and number of parts, it (till continues 
very difiinct from the pilofus. It flowers in April and 
May, and ripens its feeds in June. It indicates a dry. 
