523 
•'3K 
J U N I P E R U S. 
that it is a good timber-wood, admired for its fmell, light- 
nefs, and clofe even grain; very fit for wainfeotting, and 
ail the inward parts of cabinet-work. 
4. Juniperus Chinenfis, or Chinefe juniper: leaves de¬ 
current, imbricate-fpreading, cluttered ; Item-leaves in 
threes ; branch-leaves in fours. Loureiro deferibes the 
Chinefe juniper as a Shrub of three feet in height, with 
twilled and very-fpreading branches. Leaves awl-fhaped, 
hardiffr, dark green ; according to Linnaeus fpreading, 
green on both tides, more cluttered than in the other 
Jorts, fattened at the bafe, fcarcely pungent, extremely 
diftinft by the denfity of the leaves. Native of China. 
5. Juniperus fabina, or favin juniper: leaves oppofite, 
ereff, decurrent; the oppofitions boxed. Miller makes two 
fpecies of the common or cyprefs-leaved, and tamarilk- 
leaved or berry-bearing favin, as he calls it. The former, 
he fays, has by many been fuppofed to be only an acci¬ 
dental variety; but the branches grow more ereft, the 
leaves are fhorter, and end in acute points which fpread 
outwards. It riles to the height of leven or eight feet, 
and produces great quantities of berries; whereas the ta- 
marilk-leaved favin very rarely produces either flower or 
feed in our gardens. The latter fends out its branches 
horizontally, and feldom riles more than three or four feet 
high, but fpreads to a confiderable diltance every way. 
Leaves very fhort, acute-pointed, running over each other 
along the branches, with the ends pointing upwards. 
The berries are fmalter than thole of common juniper, 
but of the fame colour, and a little comprefled. The 
whole plant has a very rank odour when handled. There 
i» a variety with variegated leaves. Savin is a native of 
the fouth of Europe and the Levant. It was cultivated 
here in 1562, as we learn from Turner; but probably it 
is a much older plant in our gardens. ProfelTor Pallas 
fays, that in the Cherfonefus Taurica, where it is very 
common, the favin is often found with a trunk a foot in 
diameter; that it grows upright there like a cyprefs, 
whereas by theTanais it is procumbent, the branches ex¬ 
tending on the land feveral fathoms ; that the wood very 
much refembles that of J. Lycia, but has a more cadave- 
lous fmell, and the leaves are more fetid. 
Savin is an article of the materia medica, and much 
famed as an emmenagogue ; it heats and ftimulates the 
Whole fyftem very considerably, and is faid to promote 
the fluid fecretions. The leaves and tops of favin have 
a moderately-ftrong dilagreeable fmell, and a hot bit- 
terifh tafte ; they give out their adfive matter to warery 
liquors, and Hill more completely to rectified Spirit; dif- 
tilled with water, they yield a large quantity of effential 
oil. Decoftions of the leaves, infpilfated to the form of 
an extradf, retain a confiderable Share of their pungency 
and warmth, together with their bitternefs, and have fome 
degree of fmell, but not refembling that of the plant it- 
felf. On infpilfating the Spirituous tinfture, there remains 
an extraft confiding of two diftindt fubftances ; of which 
one is yellowy oily, bitterilh, and very pungent; the other 
black, refinous, tenacious, lefs pungent, and very aftrin- 
gent. Savin, when ufed for the purpofe of an emmena- 
gogile, has been fometimes found to be too powerful; and 
it has even been fuppofed to poffefs the power of caufing 
abortion; but this feems to be extremely doubtful, and it 
fometimes fail's as an emmenagogue; and its heating qua¬ 
lities are fuch as to require caution in its administration. 
In the Edinburgh Infirmary it appears to have been ufed 
with great fuccefs by Dr. Home, in cafes of amenorrhoe, 
given in powder, from a fcruple to a dram, twice a-day. 
Upon the whole, favin may be confidered as a warm Sti¬ 
mulant and aperient, and particularly ferviceable in ute¬ 
rine obltrudtions proceeding from a laxity or weaknefs of 
the veflels, or a cold fluggifh indifpofition of the juices. 
The diltilled oil, exclufive of the powers juft mentioned, 
is alfo a Strong diuretic, and impregnates the urine with 
its Smell. The dofe is two or three drops, or more. 
6 . Juniperus Virginiana, Virginian juniper, or red ce¬ 
llar t leaves in threes, fattened at the bafe; the younger 
ones imbricate, the older fpreading. Leaves mutually op¬ 
pofite by threes, fattened at the bale by their inner fide, in 
the new {hoots imbricate in four rows, giving them the ap¬ 
pearance of being quadrangular ; the year following thefe 
fpread from the branch at an acute angle, and appear to 
be difpofed in fix rows or longitudinal phalanxes. Berry 
dark blue, covered with a whitifh refinous meal. Native 
of North America, the Welt-India iflands, and Japan. It 
grows to be one of the largell and highest timber-trees in 
Jamaica, affording very large boards, of a reddilh-brown. 
colour, dole and firm contexture, Shining, very odorifer¬ 
ous, extremely like Bermudas cedar, being towards its 
outfide of a paler colour and loofer contexture. The 
bark is thin, and ready to drop off in great pieces, ap¬ 
pearing fomewhat contorted, of a reddilh-brown colour. 
This tree is much ufed for wainfeotting rooms, making 
eferitoirs, cabinets, &c. cockroches and other infedts dif- 
liking the fmell of it. 
Mr. Miller has two fpecies. The firft he names J. Vir¬ 
giniana, which he fays grows naturally in molt parts of 
North America, where it is called red cedar, to diltinguilh 
it from a fort of cyprels, which is called white cedar there. 
Of this there are two or three varieties; one of which has 
leaves in every part, like thofe of the favin, and, upon 
being rubbed, emit a very Strong ungrateful odour; this 
is commonly diftinguilhed in America by the name of Sa¬ 
vin-tree. There is another with leaves very like thofe of 
cyprefs; but, as thefe generally arife from the fame feeds, 
they may he fuppofed to be only feminal varieties. The 
fecond he names J. Caroliniana. The leaves of this are 
like thole of the Swedilh juniper, but the upper leaves are 
like thole of the cyprefs; and this difference is conftant, 
if the feeds are carefully gathered from the fame tree; but 
it often happens that perfons who gather the feeds in 
America mix two or three lorts together. In the Virginia 
cedar all the leaves are like thofe of juniper. The Caro¬ 
lina cedar, as the gardeners call it, is alfo a native of Vir¬ 
ginia. Cultivated here in 1664, according to Evelyn. 
7. Juniperus communis, or common juniper: leaves in 
threes, fpreading, mucronate, longer than the berry. Com¬ 
mon juniper is alow Shrub, feldom rifing more than three 
feet high, fending out many Spreading tough branches, 
which incline on every fide, covered with a Smooth brown 
or reddilh bark, with a tinge of purple. Leaves narrow, 
awl-lhaped, ending in acute points, placed by threes round 
the branches, pointing outwards, bright green on one 
fide, and grey on the other, continuing thro’ugh the year. 
The male flowers are fometimes on the fame plant with 
the females, but at a distance from them ; but they are 
commonly on diftindf plants. The female flowers are fuc- 
ceeded by roundilh berries, which are firft green, but when 
ripe of a dark purple colour. They continue on the buSh 
two years, and are feffile in the axil of the leaves. Gsert- 
ner calls the fruit galbulus 5 and deferibes it as fpherical, 
berried, blackilh-blue, covered with a bloom, marked at 
top with three railed dots, and a three-forked groove, re¬ 
ceived at bottom in a very fmall Starred involucre; it is 
juicelefs, fpongy-flelhy, and contains three Stones. Thefe 
are bony, one-celled, valvelefs, gibbofe, on one fide from 
a broad ~and convex back narrowed towards the bafe and 
keeled, on the other very bluntly angular, or marked with 
a longitudinal ridge, and at the bale on the outlide with 
four oblong little excavations, into each of which a bal- 
lamiferous gland is inferted. Seed fingle, ovate-acumi¬ 
nate, dun-coloured with a brown mark at the bafe. Geof- 
froy firlt remarked thefe glands in 1721 ; but he reckoned 
only eight, whereas there are twelve, namely four to each 
Seed. Juniper is common in all the northern parts of Eu¬ 
rope, in fertile or barren foils, on hills or in valleys,'in 
open fandy plains or in moilt and clofe woods. On the 
fides of hills its trunk grows long, but on the tops of 
rocky mountains and on bogs it is little better than a 
Shrub. In England it is found chiefly on open downs, 
in a chalky or fandy foil. In the fouthern countries of 
Europe it is lefs common, except in more elevated fixa¬ 
tions. 
