JUNIPERUS. 
tions. When planted in a good Toil, if will grow fifteen 
or fixteen feet high, and form a well-looking bufhy (hrub. 
Mr. Evelyn mentions a (lender buth of two feet in height, 
brought from a common, which in ten years meafured 
feven feet fquare and eleven feet high, and would have 
been of a much greater altitude and farther fpreading, had 
it not continually been kept (horn. It is eafily tranf- 
planted, and bears cropping. Grafs will not grow be¬ 
neath it, but the A vena pratenfis deltroys it. The wood 
is hard and durable. The bark may be made into ropes. 
Spirit impregnated with the effential oil of thefe berries is 
every-where known by the name of gin. The berries 
fometimes appear in an uncommon form; the leaves of the 
calyx grow double the ufual (ize, approaching, but not 
doling; and the three petals fit exaftly clofe, fo as to keep 
the air from the Tipulte juniperi, which inhabit them. 
Other infefts feed on this ffirub, as Cimex juniperinus, 
Thripsjuniperina, and Coccinelia novernpumftata. Horfes, 
flieep, and goats, eat it. Gum fandarach, known under 
the name of pounce in its powdered form, is the produce 
of this fhrub. The common juniper is celebrated for its 
diuretic powers; the berries are principally uled ; and 
from them a fpirit is prepared and kept in the (hops, and 
ufed plentifully in hydropic cafes, and in diuretic draughts ; 
boiled in water thefe berries give a fweet decodtion, tail¬ 
ing very (trongly of the juniper, and from the decodtion 
may be obtained a quantity of fugar; the berries are alfo 
confidered as (lomachic, carminative, and diaphoretic. 
Of their efficacy in many hydropical aft’edtions we have 
various relations from phyficians of high authority; as 
Du Verney, Boerhaave, Hoffman, Van Swieten, &c. Au¬ 
thors, however, do not feem perfectly agreed which pre¬ 
paration of the juniper is molt efficacious; fome preferring 
the rob or infpiflated decodtion, while on the contrary 
Dr. Cullen diiapproves of this, as having unavoidably loll 
a good part of its eifential oil (in which he fuppofes a 
great part of the efficacy of the juniper to confift) in the 
boiling. Hoffman, however, (trongly recommends the 
rob, and declares it to be of great utility in weaknefs of 
the (lomach apd inteftines ; and particularly ferviceable 
when fuch cafes occur in old people ; but, as the modern 
practice generally depends on more powerful, or (tronger, 
medicines, (the juniper being confidered in a l'econdary 
view,) it may perhaps be allowed that as good a form as 
any for its ufe is that of a fimple decodtion ; and this, ei¬ 
ther by itfelf, or with the affiltance of a fmall quantity of 
gin, may be a ufeful drink for hydropic patients. Medi¬ 
cal writers have alfo commended it in lcorbutic cafes, and 
in fome cutaneous difeafes; but in thefe cafes a decodtion 
prepared from the wood and the tops of the plant is 
thought preferable to that from the berries. We are told 
by Linnteus, that the Swedes prepare a beer from the ber¬ 
ries, which they confider as very efficacious in fcorbutic 
cafes; and that the Laplanders drink infufions of juniper- 
berries as we do tea and coffee, for the fame purpole. 
/ 3 . J. Suecica, Swediffi or tree-juniper, rifes to the 
height of ten or twelve (even fixteen or eighteen) feet; 
the branches grow more eredl than thole of the common 
juniper; the leaves are narrower, end in more acute points, 
and are placed farther afunder on the branches; the ber¬ 
ries alfo are longer. It is a native of Sweden, Denmark, 
and Norway. Mr. Miller infills on this being a diilindt 
fpecies, becaufe, having raifed both from feed for many 
years, he never found them alter. Plants raifed from 
feeds have a tendency to grow higher than thofe which 
are cropped by cattle ; and this milled Mr. Miller, for 
thefe are certainly no more than varieties. 
y. J. minor montana, alpine or mountain juniper, has 
the leaves broader and thicker, and the berries rather 
Oval than fpherical. 
8 . Juniperus oxycedrus, or brown-berried juniper: 
leaves in threes, fpreading, mucronate, (horter than the 
berry. Height ten or twelve feet, branched the whole 
length. Branches fmall and taper, having no angles, as 
ASS 
mod of the other junipers have. Leaves fmall, obtufe, 
imbricate. This fhrub will be feathered from top to bot¬ 
tom, if left untouched from the firft planting, or if not 
crowded with other trees. Leaves awl-ffiaped, and finely 
fpread open ; they are very (hort, (harp-pointed, and give 
the (lirub a fine look. The large browniffi-red berries 
make a handfome appearance when they are ripe, being 
as large as a hazel-nut. Native of Spain, Portugal, and 
the fouth of France. 
9. juniperus Phoenicea, Phenician juniper, or cedar : 
leaves in threes, obliterated, imbricated, obtufe. Ray re¬ 
gards this as lcarcely different from the next fpecies. 
Native of the South of Europe, and the Levant. Culti¬ 
vated in 1683, by Mr. James Sutherland. Mr. Miller fays, 
he frequently received the berries from Portugal. 
10. Juniperus Lycia, Lycian juniper, or cedar : leaves 
in threes, imbricate on all (ides, ovate, obtufe. Lycian 
cedar has the branches growing erect, and covered with a 
reddifh-brown bark. Leaves fmall, obtufe. Male flowers 
at the ends of the branches in a conical anient; and the 
fruit (ingle from the axils below' them, on the fame branch. 
Berries large, oval, and when ripe brown. According to 
Pallas, it is entirely prollrate, with the trunk branching 
from the very bottom, often thicker than the human arm. 
This and the branches are often compreffed or varioufly 
deformed, with fcarcely any outer bark. Wood duelling 
very ltrong, like the American cedar. Branches and ex¬ 
treme branchlets wand-like, flraight, thickiih, covered 
with a teftaceous bark. Pallas adds, that it is with diffi¬ 
culty diflinguiffied from favin ; that the bruifed leaves 
have the fame fmell; and that it differs from it principally 
in the greater thicknefs of the (hoots, and in the leaflets 
being acute and lefs cluttered. He fays that the leaves 
are never in threes with them. Native of the fouth of 
France, the Levant, and Siberia. Miller received it both 
from Spain and Italy; he cultivated it in 1749. This is 
the fpecies from which is taken the gum-refin called oli- 
bahuin, which has a (trong fmell, and a bitterifli fomewhat- 
pungent tafte. When burnt it diffufes a fragrant fmell, 
and is fuppofed to have been the incenfe ufed by the an¬ 
cients in their religious ceremonies, though not the fame 
with the fubltance known by that name in the (hops. It 
is much employed by the Roman catholics in their 
churches, for fimilar ufes. As a medicine, it has chiefly 
been ufed in diforders of the head and bread, in haemop- 
toes, and in alvine and uterine fluxes; the dofe from a fcru- 
ple to a dram, or more. It has alfo been ufed in platters, 
&c. and as an ingredient in various pills. 
xi. Juniperus drupacea, or drupaceous juniper : leaves 
in threes, fpreading, acute ; three times lhorter than the 
drupe, nut three-celled. Native of Mount Caffius ; and 
probably the fame with the great junipers obferved by 
Belon on Mount Taurus, and which he defcribes as rifing 
to the height of a cyprefs, and bearing a fweet fruit, the 
fize and (hape of an olive. 
12. Juniperus Daurica, or Siberian juniper : leaves op- 
polite, acute, imbricate-decurrent, fpreading, awl-(haped. 
This is ufually (hrubby, with the Items lying proftrate on 
the rocks, the principal ones often the thicknefs of the 
human arm. Refpedting the leaves, there are tw'o varie¬ 
ties of this juniper. In one, the leaves are moftly (cale- 
form, decurrent, with a (hort awl-fliaped point, and 
clofeiy imbricate, with here and there a longer needle- 
draped leaf on the branchlets. This is commonly male, 
or with female flowers only at the incurved three-leaved 
tips of the branchlets. The other is commonly berry¬ 
bearing all over, except the outer younger flroots; and the 
leaves, like thofe of J. oxycedrus, are needle-fliaped, 
fpreading from the bale, almoft as long as the berries, 
keel-grooved, compreffed. Berries, globular, more bitter 
than the common juniper, blackiffi when ripe, but ap¬ 
pearing blue from the white meal that covers them, pe- 
duncled as it were by (landing on a leaflefs thickened 
branchlet, containing one or two (tones 5 kernels ovate- 
globular, 
