530 
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talonia. This was a colony of Maflilians, and at one time 
a confiderabie city, and a bifhop’s fee : it is now a fmall 
place, and much reduced. In the year 910, a battle was 
fought here between the Chriftians and the Moors, in 
which the former were defeated with great lofs. The en¬ 
virons abound with cork-trees: thirty miles north of Ge- 
rona. 
JUN'TA, or Junto, f. [Italian.] In matters of go¬ 
vernment, denotes a feledl council for taking cognizance 
of affairs of great confequence, which require fecrecy. In 
Spain and Portugal, it fignifies much the fame with con¬ 
vention, affembly, or board, among us : thus we meet with 
the junto of the three eftates, of commerce, of tobacco, &c. 
and, more recently with provifional junta, central junta, 
fupreme junta, &c. As great men often difgrace their 
profeffions, the fame word came at length to be ufed, in 
contempt, fora cabal; a kind of men combined in any 
fecret defign.—From this time began an intrigue between 
his majefty and a junto of minifters, which had like to have 
ended in my deftruftion. Gulliver's Travels. 
IVOI'RE, a town of France, in the department of the 
Leman : thirteen miles north-north-eaft of Geneva. 
I'VORY, /. [ ivoire , Fr. ebur, Lat.] Ivory is a hard, folid, 
and firm, fubftance, of a fine white colour: it is the dens 
exertus of the elephant, who carries on each fide of his 
jaws a tooth of fix or feven feet in length; the two fome- 
times weighing three hundred and thirty pounds; thefe 
ivory tufks are hollow from the bafe to a certain height, 
and the cavity is filled with a compaft medullary fub- 
flance. Hill .— See the article Elephas, vol.vi. p. 4.63. 
Two gates the filent houfe of fleep adorn, 
Of polifh’d iv'ry this, that of tranfparent horn : 
True vifions through tranfparent horn arife. 
Through polifh’d iv'ry pafs deluding lies. Dryden. 
I'VORY, adj. Pertaining to ivory; made of ivory. 
I'VORY-BLACK', f. A very fine kind of blacking. 
A patent was taken out laft year, (1810,) by Mr. William 
Lockfey of Briftol, for improvements in the procefs of 
manufacturing ivory-black. This invention confifts in 
manufacturing ivory-black, and all articles capable of an 
eafy feparation of their parts, by calcination, &c. fuch as 
potter’s clays, flints, colouring and glazing materials, with 
a very fmall quantity of water, in grinding or reducing 
the faid articles to powder; by which means much labour 
is faved, and the ftoves employed to heat the rooms, or 
other places, for evaporating the water ufed in the pro- 
cefles now praftifed, rendered unneceflary. The methods 
adopted by the prefent patentee are as follow : “To ma¬ 
nufacture ivory-black, take the bones and floughs of the 
horns of animals, and calcine them to blacknefs, in clofe 
or air-tight veflels; then crufh them, in their dry ftate, be¬ 
tween metal rollers of about two feet diameter, until they 
are broken fufficiently fmall to pafs through a hopper into 
the eye of a mill-ftone, and be reduced to powder between 
mill-ftones, in an horizontal fituation, exaCtly fimilar to 
the method of reducing or grinding corn or grain to flour. 
By a like procefs, the powder thus obtained is then partly 
pafled through a drefling machine, conftruCted with brufnes 
and fine iron or brafs wire, upon a circular frame, inclofed 
yvithin a rim, which receives it. Such part as pafles 
through the meflies of the wire (which fhould be about 
fixty-eight to an inch) is fufficiently fine for ufe, and is 
damped down by a fmall quantity of water fprinkled upon 
it, and packed for fale ; the coarfer part is returned to the 
hopper, and ground over again between the ftones.” 
I'VORY COAST, a name given to a country of Afri¬ 
ca, fituated on the coall of the Atlantic, between Cape 
Apollonia and Cape Palmas, containing feveral towns, 
which are fituated at the mouths of the rivers called by 
the fame names. The interior country is but little known, 
the natives refufing the Europeans leave to build fettle- 
ments, or even to trade amongft them, except by means 
of the coaft-negroes, and even this with the rnoft circum- 
fpect caution. The chief commodities are gold, ivory, 
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and flaves; the former in the greateft plenty, but no re¬ 
gular tariff, or table, of the different proportions of each 
was ever fettled. The inhabitants of this diftrict have 
the reputation of being the moft lavage and barbarous on. 
the whole coalt; and fome writers fcruple not to call them 
anthropophagi. Barbot advifes mariners to touch with 
caution on this fhore; the natives, fays he, bring on-board 
fome beautiful ivory, as a bait to draw the feamen on 
fhore, and, perhaps, to devour them. This is the more 
probable, from their keeping their goods at fo high a price, 
as will afiuredly ever prevent Europeans from purchafing 
them, although they afk for every thing they fee, and are 
greatly incenfed if they meet with a refufal. Their fuf- 
picion and jealoufy are predominant qualities ; infomuch 
that, on the leaft noife, they will precipitate themfelves 
headlong into the fea, and fwim to the canoes; for many 
of them have been carried off by European traders. What¬ 
ever the Gold Coaft produces, is alfo found here in greater 
abundance and perfection ; and, indeed, the fruits and 
vegetables of'the warmer climates feem ali to be united 
on the Ivory Coaft. The inhabitants of the Ivory Coaft 
are lefs hofpitable than thofe of the Gold Coaft. They 
are exceedingly fufpicious of ftrangers; and the latter, in 
their turn, dread them as a deceitful favage people ; it is 
even believed that they are cannibals. When they conceive 
a fondnefs for any thing, and it is not given to them, or 
if they are not allowed to take it, they feem highly dif- 
pleafed. It is very aftonifhing that it has never yet been 
afcertained, whether the elephants’ teeth are procured by 
the death of the animal, or whether it cafts them every 
year, as the flag does its horns. The latter is the moft 
probable, becaufe elephants’ teeth are often found in thofe 
countries which the animal frequents, even when there is 
no appearance of the carcafe in the neighbourhood ; be- 
fides, what a number of them mult die, to give the quan¬ 
tity of ivory which this coaft furnifhes! On account of 
this abundance, it is called the Tooth Coajl. Some aflert, 
that 10,000 pounds weight of it are fold in one day ; but 
we ought undoubtedly to underftand here a whole year. As 
the inhabitants of this country refide nearaftormy and deep 
fea, they are good fwimmers, and excellent divers. There 
is a kingdom there named Guiomera; which, in 1723,. 
was governed by a king called Afamouchon. A cheva¬ 
lier Damond found means to give him a tafte for the French 
manners; and was fo well treated by him, as to excite the 
jealoufy of the Englifti. This part of Africa is fubjeft to 
furious tempefts, dreadful ftorms of thunder, prodigious 
falls of rain, and hurricanes, which overturn every thing, 
and which are followed by calm and ferene weather. If 
a comparifon can be made between things totally differ¬ 
ent, we might fay that the character of the inhabitants re- 
fembles their climate, mild and pacific at one time, and 
the next moment irafcible, and worked up into a pafllon, 
fo as to be ready to malfacre all who fall in their way. 
Certain contrafts are found alfo in their manners, the pu¬ 
rity of which has been praifed by fome travellers, while 
others fay that they are void of modefty, and live under 
no reftraint; and, that nothing may be wanting to com¬ 
plete the contraft, the women, we are told, except in re¬ 
gard to colour, would be confidered in Europe as beau¬ 
ties, on account of their regular features, animated looks, 
and fine delicate fhape; while the men are coarfe, ftupid, 
and dull. But it is to be obferved that there are few na¬ 
tions on this coaft refpefting whom contradictory ac¬ 
counts are not given by travellers. The negroes are great 
admirers of our curiofities, trinkets, and locks, but parti¬ 
cularly watches. They are, however, ftill more aftonifhed 
at our art of making paper fpeak,as they exprefs it, which, 
to them is a prodigy. If they are difpatched with a let¬ 
ter, the contents of which have been communicated to 
them, they cannot be perfuaded that the fantaftical figures 
infcribed on it are able to convey to the readers the 
thoughts of an abfent perfbn, though they fee it by ex¬ 
perience. They fometimes a(k ironically what it con¬ 
tains, as if they meant to furprife it in a fault; and their 
. aftonifdment 
