J U P 
a ftoniihment is inexpreflible when they are told what the 
fubjeft of it is : they have no idea of writing, and ima¬ 
gine that the white men have a familiar demon, by whom 
they are inftrufted on thefe occafions. This opinion, 
■which is fomewhat fimilar to that of the natives of the 
Gold Coaft, who believe that every thing brought to them 
by the Europeans is produced fpontaneoully, without any 
pains or trouble on their part, renders the negroes like 
our children, or certain inhabitants of our great cities, 
whofe credulity is often abufed. 
I'VORY-HAFT'ED, adj. Having the haft made of 
ivory. „ 
IVOY'. See Carignan. 
JUPARITUBA'CA, a river of Brafil, which runs into 
the Atlantic in lat. n. io.S. 
JUPICA'I, f. in botany. See Xyris. 
JU'PITER, the fupreme god of the ancient Pagans. 
The theologies, according to Cicero, reckoned up three 
Jupiters ; the firft and fecond of whom were born in Ar¬ 
cadia ; of thefe two, the one fprang from Aither, the other 
from Coelus. The third Jupiter was the fon of Saturn, 
and born in Crete, where they pretended to fliow liis fe- 
pulchre. Cicero in other places fpeaks of feveral Jupiters 
who reigned in different countries. The Jupiter, by whom 
the poets and divines underftand the fupreme god, was the 
fon of Saturn king of Crete. He , would have been de¬ 
voured by his father as foon as born, had not his mother 
Rhea fubftituted a ftone inftead of the child, which Sa¬ 
turn immediately fwallowed. Saturn took this method to 
deftroy all his male children, becaufe it had been foretold 
by Ccelus and Terra, that one of his Tons fhould deprive 
him of his kingdom. Jupiter, being thus faved from his 
father's jaws, was brought up by the Curetes in a den on 
Mount Ida. Virgil tells us, that he was fed by the bees ; 
out of gratitude for which he changed them from an iron 
to a golden colour. Some fay, that his nurfes were Amal- 
thasa and Meliffa, who gave him goats’ milk and honey ; 
and others, that Amalthsea was the name of the goat which 
nourifhed him, and which, as a reward for her great fer- 
vices, was changed into a conftellation. According to 
others, he was fed by wild pigeons, who brought him am- 
brofia from Oceanus; and by an eagle, who carried neftar 
in his beak from a deep rock ; for which he rewarded the 
former, by making them the foretellers of winter and fum- 
mer ; and the laft by giving him immortality, and making 
him his thunder-bearer. When grown up, he drove his fa¬ 
ther out of heaven, and divided the empire of the world 
with his brothers. For himfelf, he had heaven and earth; 
Neptune had the fea and wafers; and Pluto hell. The 
Titans undertook to deftroy Jupiter, as he had done his 
father. Thefe Titans were giants, the fons of Titan and 
the Earth. They declared war againft Jupiter, and heaped 
mountains upon mountains, in order to fcale heaven ; but 
their efforts were unfuccefsful. Jupiter overthrew them 
with his thunder, and Ihut them up under the waters and 
mountains, from which they were not able to get out. 
Jupiter had feveral wives ; the firft of whom, named Me¬ 
tis, he is faid to have devoured when big with child, by 
which he himfelf became pregnant; and Minerva iffued 
out of his head, completely armed and fully grown. His 
fecond was Themis ; the name of his third is not known ; 
his fourth was the celebrated Juno, whom he deceived un¬ 
der the form of a cuckoo, which to Ihun the violence of 
a ftorm fled for Ihelter to her lap. He was the father of 
the Mufes and Graces ; and had a prodigious number of 
children by his miftreffes. He metamorphofed himfelf into 
a fatyr to enjoy Antiope ; into a bull, to carry off Europa ; 
into a fwan, to abufe Leda ; into a fliower of gold, to cor¬ 
rupt Danae; and into feveral other forms to gratify his 
pafiions. He had Bacchus by Semele, Diana and Apollo 
by Latona, and was the father of Mercury and the other 
gods. 
The heathens in general believed that there was but one 
fupreme God; but, when they confidered this one great 
feetng as influencing the affairs of the world, they gave 
J U P 331 
him many different names; and hence proceeded their 
variety of nominal gods. When he thundered or light¬ 
ened, they called him Jupiter; when he calmed the fea, 
Neptune ; when he guided their councils, Minerva ; and, 
when he gave them ftrength in battle, Mars. In procefs of 
time they ufed different reprefentations of this Jupiter, &c. 
and confidered them, vulgarly at leaft, as fo many differ¬ 
ent perfons. They afterward regarded each of them in 
different views; e. g. the Jupiter that Ihowered down 
blefiings was called the Kind Jupiter ■, and, when punching, 
the terrible Jupiter. There was all'o one Jupiter for Europe, 
and another for Africa ; and, in Europe, there was one 
great Jupiter who was the particular friend of the Athe¬ 
nians, and another who was the fpecial protestor of the Ro¬ 
mans ; nay, there was fcarcely a town or hamlet perhaps 
in Italy, that had not a Jupiter of its own ; and the Jupi¬ 
ter ofTerracina, or Jupiter Anxur, reprefented in medals as 
young and beardlefs, with rays round his head, more refem- 
bled Apollo than the great Jupiter at the Capitol. In this 
way Jupiterat length had temples and different characters 
almoft everywhere ; at Carthage, he was called Ammon ; in 
Egypt, Serapis ; at Athens, the great Jupiter was the Olym¬ 
pian Jupiter; and at Rome the greateft Jupiter was the 
Capitolian Jupiter, who was the guardian and benefactor 
of the Romans, and whom they called the “ bell and 
greateft Jupiter,” Jupiter optimus maximus. The figure of 
this Jupiter was reprefented in his chief temple on the Ca~ 
pitoline hill, as fitting on a curule chair ; with the fulmen 
or thunder, or rather lightning, in one hand, andafceptre 
in the other. This fulmen in the figures of the old, artifts 
was always adapted to the character under which they were 
to reprefent Jupiter. If his appearance was to be mild 
and calm, they gave him the conic fulmen, or bundle of 
flames wreathed clofe together, .held down in his hand ; 
when punifhing, he holds up the fame figure, with two 
tranfverfe darts ofdightn-ing,' fometimes with wings added 
to each- fide of it, to denote its fwiftnefs ; this was called 
by the poets the three-forked bolt of Jove; and, when he 
was going to do fome exemplary execution, they put in 
his hand a handful of flames, all let loofe in their utmoft 
fury; and lometimes filled both his hands with flames. 
The fuperiority of Jupiter was principally manifefted in 
that air of majefty which the ancient artifts endeavoured 
to exprefs in his countenance; particular attention was 
paid to the head of hair, the eyebrows, and the beard* 
There are feveral heads of the Mild Jupiter on ancient teals-; 
where his face has a mixture of dignity and eafe in it, ad¬ 
mirably defcribed by Virgil, Ain. i. ver. 256. The ftatues 
of the Terrible Jupiter were generally of black marble, as 
thofe of the former were of white; the one fitting with an air 
of tranquillity ; the other Handing, more or lei's difturbed. 
The face of the one is pacific and ferene ; of the other an¬ 
gry or clouded. On the head of the one the hair is regu¬ 
lar and compofed ; in the other it is fo difcompofed, that 
it falls half way down the forehead. The face of the Ju¬ 
piter Tonans refembles that of the Terrible Jupiter; he is 
reprefented on gems and medals as holding up the triple 
bolt in his right hand, and (landing in a chariot which 
feems to be whirled on impetuoufly by four horfes. Thus 
he is alfo defcribed by the poets ; Ovid, Deian. Here. v. 
28. Horace, lib. i. od. 4. Jupiter, as the intelligence pre- 
fiding overafingle planet, is reprefented only in a .chariot 
and pair ; on all other occafions, if reprefented in a cha¬ 
riot, he is always drawn by four horfes. Jupiter is well 
known as the chief ruler of the air, whofe particular pro¬ 
vince was to direCt the rains, the thunders, and the light¬ 
nings. As the difpenfer of rain, he was called Jupiter Phi - 
vius ; under which character he is exhibited feated in the 
clouds, holding up his right hand,-or extending his arms 
almoft in a ftraight line each way, and pouring a ftream of 
hail and rain from his right hand upon the earth ; whilft 
the fulmen is held down in.his left. The wings that are 
given him relate to his character of prefiding over the air; 
his hair and beard, in the An to nine pillar, are all fpread 
down by the rain, which defeends in a ihcet from him, 
and 
