570 JUS 
reconciliation with the Roman lee, and the commence¬ 
ment of a war with the king of Perfia, Cabades, in con- 
fiequence of his rejection of that king’s requell that he 
fhould adopt his younger fon Chofroes. An earthquake, 
which almoft ruined Antioch and feveral other cities of 
the Eaft, was a calamity which deeply affected the empe¬ 
ror, and difplayed his benevolence in relieving it. He 
alfociated Juftinian as his colleague in the empire in 527, 
and foon after died, at the age of feventy-feven, in the 
ninth year of his reign. Gibbon. 
JUS'TIN II. emperor of the Eafl, was the fon of Vigi- 
lantia, fifler of Juftinian. His wife was Sophia, niece of 
the emprefs Theodora. At the death of Juftinian in 565, 
Jullin flood fairell among the imperial nephews for the fuc- 
ceffion, and was accordingly railed to the throne without 
oppofition. As his predeceifor had given great offence by 
abolifhing the ofiice of conful, the new emperor reftored 
it in his own perfon on January 1, 566, on which occafion 
he diftributed large fums of money among the people. 
He received in imperial majefty the ambaffadors of the 
Avars, who came to demand the tributary penfion paid 
by Juftinian, and afferted the dignity of his throne by re¬ 
futing to renew fucha token of inferiority. The popula¬ 
rity acquired by this commencement of Jultin’s reign was 
foon forfeited by inftances of cruelty and avarice, which 
■were chiefly imputed to the mitigation of the emprefs So¬ 
phia. The firft of thefe was the murder of his kinfman 
Juftin, who had a command on the banks of the Danube, 
and was in general elteem. The fufpicious emperor caufed 
him to be decoyed without his guards to Conftantinople, 
where he was apprehended, fent to Alexandria, and there 
firangled. Two fenators were the victims of the fame 
jealoufy. 
An affront given by Sophia to the veteran commander 
and recoverer of Italy, Narfes, is fuppofed to have indu¬ 
ced him to invite the Lombards into that country, who, 
■under their king Alboinus, made a permanent fettlement, 
and fubdued all the northern part, fince called after their 
name. Seethe article Italy, p.452, 3, of this vol. The 
protection given by the Romans to the Perfarmenians 
brought upon them, in 571, the arms of Chofroes king of 
Perfia. He invaded Syria and Mefopotamia ; and, while 
the Romans fruitlefsly laid liege to Nifibis, the Perfians 
took Dara and feveral other places. Jullin at this period 
was feized with a diforder which affefted his intellects, 
and rendered him incapable of government. By the ad¬ 
vice of the emprefs, he railed to the rank of Casftr, in 
574, a Thracian named Tiberius, who had obtained by his 
abilities the poftof captain of the guards. On him the cares 
of the empire devolved, and Juftin paffed four more years 
in tranquil retirement, relieved from a burthen which he 
feems never to have been fitted to fuftain. He died in 578. 
JUS'TIN, a Latin hiftorian, is fuppofed to have lived in 
the fecond century, under Antoninus Pius. Nothing is 
known concerning his family or condition ; one of the ma- 
nufcripts of his work calls him M. junianus JuJlinvs. Ifis 
hiftory is an abridgment of that of Trogus Pompeius, in 
forty-four books, and was probably the caufe of the lofs 
of the original. The fix firft books ferve foran introduc¬ 
tion. They contain, down to the time of Philip of Ma- 
cedon, the hiftory of the Aiiatic nations, and Greeks, that 
were afterwards fubjugated by the Macedonians. For 
the whole of thefe books, Theopompus, in his Philippics 
and his Hellenics, has been the principal authority. That 
hiftorian had made it his bufinefs to intercalate through¬ 
out his work the primitive hiftory of the Hates and na¬ 
tions of which he treats ; Trogus did the fame ; and fo far 
as the work of Theopompus extends, we maybefure that 
ail fuch fort of digreflions in Trogus are borrowed from 
his predeceifor. As the whole of that part of the hiftory 
is only compofed of fables, we ought not to reproach Tro¬ 
gus for having adopted them ; he was not the firft, he 
only copied others, and his hiftory in the hiftorical period 
is not the lefs worthy of credit. The hiftory of Macedon, 
which is continued to the end of the tenth book, namely, 
T I N. 
to the death of Philip, commences with the feventh book. 
This was the principal fubject of Theopompus; and we 
may clearly difcern, as well from a view of the whole nar¬ 
rative, as from a number of detached portions, that Tro¬ 
gus was only a copyiit of Theopompus. It is the fame 
with refpeft to that part of the hiftory which relates to 
the Perfians that were contemporary, and which is interca¬ 
lated with the other parts. The eleventh and twelfth 
books contain the hiftory of Alexander. We know not 
what authority Trogus has followed here ; this, however, 
is a matter of indifference, as thefe notices only contain 
what is very w’ell known. Afterwards come the times of 
Alexander’s fucceffors. Thefe times are not without a 
number of hiftorians, who defcribed the exploits of thole 
princes and of their pofterity ; moll of them are eafily cha¬ 
racterized, particularly from their partiality to fuch or 
fuch a prince ; which alfo points out the fource from which 
Jullin has borrowed in certain parts of his narrative. The 
hiftory of the twenty-one firft years, to the death of Cal¬ 
lander, (298 years before the vulgar era,) is related in 
the twelfth to the fifteenth books ; but fo briefly, and in 
a manner fo defective, that we cannot divine what author 
Trogus has followed. The epifode on the origin of Gy¬ 
rene is probably of Theopompus ; that of the Indies from 
Megafthenes. The digreflion upon Heraclea is likewife 
from Theopompus. In the feventeenth book, the parti¬ 
ality of the author for Seleucus again ft Lyfimachus proves 
that he has here followed Hieronymus of Cardia, who pro¬ 
bably has been fo far his guide in a number of places. 
The digreflion on the ancient hiftory of Epirus is, like¬ 
wife, borrowed from Theopompus, and is introduced on 
occafion of the wars of Pyrrhus in Italy. Trogus inter¬ 
calates a long epifode on the hiftory of the firft times of 
Carthage, (which we are only acquainted with from him,) 
and on that of many Greek cities in Italy ; and he relates 
the hiftory of Syracufe from the time of Dionyfius; all 
this is from Theopompus. Only when Theopompus fails 
him, Trogus has recourfe to Timaeus; fo that it is not 
always very eafy to dillinguifli which belongs to the one 
or to the other. But it is affuredly from Timaeus that the 
hiftory of Agathocles is related ; we may difcern it clearly 
in the ffiaded portrait which he exhibits of that extraordi¬ 
nary prince. In the hiftory of Pyrrhus this fame writer 
was his guide ; and in the other events related in the twen¬ 
ty-fourth to the twenty-ninth books, particularly in the 
diffenfions between the Macedonians, the Achaians, and 
the Spartans, he has followed Phylafcus, as appears from 
his partiality for Cleomenes. The followdng books, the 
thirtieth to the thirty-fifth, contain the period defcribed 
by Polybius ; and there is no reafon to queltion but that 
he has borrowed from that author. It is more difficult, 
but alfo much more important, to know the authorities 
from which he has borrowed the contents of the books 
thirty-fix to forty-two. Thefe books are, at prefent, the 
principal fources for many of the mod important paffages 
of ancient hiftory, efpecially for the laft periods of the hif¬ 
tory of Syria ; alio, in part, for that of the Macedonians 
and the Egyptians ; for the hiftory of Mithridates, and 
that of the Parthians. By means of the fragments of the 
ancient hiftorians, interfperfed in large portions in Athe- 
naeus, theauthor has fucceeded in findingthe general fource 
from which the whole is derived. This fource is the con¬ 
tinuation of Polybius by Pofidonius of Rhodes, a friend 
of Pompey the Great, and equally celebrated as a philo- 
foplier and an hiftorian. This great work, divided into 
fifty-two books, contained the moll remarkable paflages 
of univerlal hiftory, from the deftruclion of Carthage and 
of the Achaian league to the defeat of Mithridates by 
Pompey ; alfo the downfal of his kingdom and of that of 
Syria, fixty-four years before the vulgar era. He that 
will revolve the great revolutions of that time, may judge 
of the extent and intereft of that work ; and he who de¬ 
fires to fee in what fpirit it is written, may find a fpeci- 
men of it in a fragment preferved by Athenaeus. This 
fragment feems to be exactly made for our times.. Pofido- 
nius 
