572 ' JUS 
longs to Chriftlans. By the term Logos, he underftood, 
not the real'oning faculty of the human mind, hut, after 
Plato, the emanating reafon of the divine nature; this di¬ 
vine reafon he conceived to have infpired the Hebrew pro¬ 
phets, and to have been the Chrid, who appeared in fie fit; 
lie fuppofed it to have been participated not only by the 
Hebrew patriarchs, but by the more excellent Pagan phi- 
lofophers ; and, confequently, he looked upon every te¬ 
net in the writings of the heathens, which he could re¬ 
concile with the doctrine of Chrift, as a portion of divine 
wifdom which Chridians might judly appropriate to them- 
felves. Ju(tin likewife borrowed, from Plato his notion 
of angels employed in the government of the elements, 
the earth, and the heavens, and many other tenets not 
to be found in the Scriptures. On the whole, it cannot 
be doubted, that Judin Martyr mixed Platonic notions 
and language with the fimple dottrines of Chridianity, and 
wrote concerning God and divine things like a Chridian 
Platonid. He mud, neverthelefs, be acknowledged to 
have been a faithful, zealous, and valuable, advocate for 
Chridianity. In giving an account of the remains which 
go under his name, we cannot follow a better guide than 
the judicious Lardner. “The principal works of Judin 
are his two Apologies, and his Dialogue with Trypho the 
Jew, in two parts. The fird and larger Apology is dill 
extant entire. The beginning of the fecond Apology is 
wanting; as is the concludon of the fird and the beginning 
of the fecond part of the Dialogue with Trypho. Befides 
thefe, there are two difcourfes to the Gentiles, which are 
generally allowed to be Judin’s ; one called an Oration to 
the Gentiles; the other nagauECK, or an Exhortation to 
the Gentiles, which is fuppofed to be the Elenchus men¬ 
tioned by Eufebius. The piece we now have of the Mo¬ 
narchy of God, feems to be a fragment of the genuine 
work of Judin with that title. The Epidle to Zena and 
Serenus is at belt doubtful, and I think not Judin’s. The 
Epiftle to Diognetus is generally fuppofed to be Judin’s, 
though it is doubted of by tome, becaufe the dyle is more 
elegant than that of his other pieces. For my part, I can¬ 
not perfuade myfelf to cjuoteitas Judin’s ; fince the dyle 
is allowed to be fuperior to his, and there is no mention 
made of it by Eufebius or Jerome. The Quadtiones and 
Kefponfiones ad Orthodoxos, and fome other pieces ufu- 
ally joined with Judin’s works, are allowed to have the 
marks of the later time.” There have been numerous im- 
preffions of Judin’s works, of which that of Prudent Ma- 
rand, a learned Benedictine, printed at Paris in 1742, fo¬ 
lio, and Styan Thirlby’s edition of the two Apologies and 
Dialogue with Trypho, printed at London in 1722, folio, 
are the bed. 
JUSTING, f. A tournament; a mock fight. 
JIJSTIN'GEN, a town and capital of a lordfhip, pur- 
chafed in the year 1751 by the duke of Wurtemberg, for 
300,000 florins: it gave a feat and voice at the diets of 
the empire, and paid 20 florins for a Roman month, and 
15 rix-dollars 11 kruitzers to the imperial chamber: 
fixteen miles north-north-ead of Buchau, and thirty-two 
fouth-eaft of Stuttgart. 
JUSTIN'IAN I. emperor of the Ead, was born of an 
obfcure race near the ruins of Sardica, now Sophia, in 
the part of Thrace anciently called Dardania or Dacia. 
His uncle, Judin I. (fee his life,) when commander of 
the Roman army, fent him as a hodage to Theodoric 
king of Italy, who differed him to return to Conftan- 
tinople when his kinfman was raifed to the empire. Juf- 
tinian was made partner in the imperial throne, and loon 
after, by the death of Judin, became its foie polTeflor, 
A.D. 527, when he was in the forty-fifth year of his age. 
He was at that time didinguiflied for a devotional cad of 
character, difplayed in long vigils and auderities of diet. 
Immediately upon his elevation, he folemnly efpoufed 
Theodora, an afitrefs, who is faid to have followed from 
early youth a couvfe of the mod abandoned proditution. 
She gained fuch an entire influence over him, that he 
created her his equal colleague in the fovereignty, and 
JUS 
caufed her name to be united with his own in the oaths 
of allegiance adminidered to the governors of provinces. 
Her uncontrolled pride and avaric? were the foiirce of 
many injudices and cruelties which fullied this reign, 
while, on the other hand, her fpirit and munificence oc- 
cafionally honoured it. The emperor himfelf always en¬ 
tertained a high refpeft for her counfels, and preferved 
his attachment to her during the whole of a long union. 
Judinian is praifed by the ecclefiadical writers for be¬ 
ginning his adminidration with the violent perfecution 
of heretics and feftaries. Theology was, indeed, his fa¬ 
vourite ftudy, and he facrificed to it many hours which 
might have been more ufefully employed. His reign 
was, however, memorable for many important tranfaffions 
civil and military. The latter he direefed from his pa¬ 
lace by the minidration of fome eminent commanders, of 
whom the principal was the renowned Beliiarius. See 
the article Rome. It may not be amifs, however, in this 
place to give fome account of thofe legislative labours 
which have conferred the chief celebrity on the name of 
Judinian. The reformation of the Roman jurifprudence 
was become a very neceffary talk, and it occupied the 
attention of the emperor from his fird podeflion of the 
fupreme power. The perfon to whom the work was prin¬ 
cipally confided was Tribonian, an eminent lawyer of va¬ 
rious and extenfive attainments. By his cares, and thofe 
of nine afl’oeiates, the new Code of Judinian was com¬ 
pleted fo early as the year 529. Its publication was fol¬ 
lowed in 533 by that of the Pandedts or Digefi, a compi¬ 
lation of the decifions and opinions of former civilians ; 
and of the InJUtutes, an elementary treatife of the Roman 
law for the ufe of dudents. A new edition of the Code, 
in 534, made a conliderable addition of the emperor’s own 
laws; and his EdiEls and Novels complete the great edi- 
fice of jurifprudence reared by the legillative fpirit which 
didingtiiflred his reign. This fpirit was, upon the whole, 
highly honourable to his memory ; though in its exercife 
he difplayed incondancy and love of alteration, and paid 
little regard to preferiptive rights. His abolition, in 541, 
of the Roman confuldrip, (which, indeed, for a cond- 
derable time had only exifted to give a date to the year, 
and entertain the people with a fedival,) was probably 
the effeft of a refolution to obliterate all works of the 
ancient free conditution, and concentrate all authority in 
the imperial office. , 
A paffion for building conferred another diftimflion on 
the long reign of Judinian, who indulged it by theereftion 
of a vad numberof edifices throughout theextent of'theem- 
pire, fome of odentatious fplendour, others of folid ufe. 
His piety was difplayed in numerous churches-and other 
buildings dedicated to religion, of which the celebrated 
church of Sanfta Sophia at Condantinople, redored by 
him after its conflagration, and now fubfiding as the 
principal mofque of the Turkiih empire, atteds. the mag¬ 
nificence of his defigns. Bridges, aqueducts, high-roads, 
and hofpitals, were-among his works of public utility, 
by which every province of the empire was benefited. 
Numberlefs fortrefies on all the frontiers alfo proved his 
attention to the fafety of the date, whild they were an 
evidence of the decline of the Roman military character, 
and the increafing dread of the furrounding barbarians. 
The clofe of Judinian’s life was embittered by a con- 
fpiracy formed again ft him by fome of the chief officers 
of date, which was defended in time to prevent its exe¬ 
cution, and punched by the death of the contrivers. An 
accufation thrown out againft Beliiarius, as being privy 
to the defign, occafioned the difgrace and imprifbnment 
of that well-tried fervant, who, however, had the fatif- 
faftion of being declared innocent, and redored to bis 
honours, jud before he died. See Belisarius, vol. ii. 
p. 867. The emperor did not long furvive. Broken with 
years and cares, he expired in November 565, in the 
thirty-ninth year of his reign, and eighty-third of Ins 
age. As his theological dudies had led him into fome 
deviations from orthodoxy, particularly into the opinion 
1 that 
