6 The Colorado Experiment Station. 
the pollen grains, with which the air may be filled at this period, 
to slip down to the base of the scales, where they come in contact 
with the waiting ovules. In a few days the scales close together 
and the process of fertilization later takes place. This is soon 
followed by the growth in size of the cones and the development of 
an embryo within each ovule by which it becomes a seed. (Plate 
I and II A.) 
In some species, e. g., the pines, the scales of the cones remain 
closed during the whole of the first year and mature their seeds in 
the second year. In others, such as the spruces, the seeds are 
matured and dropped at the end of the first season. 
In the juniper family, which is closely related to the pine 
family, these seed-bearing scales become fleshy and united as the 
cones ripen so that the matured seeds are found imbedded in the 
pulp of the berry-like fruits. 
TRANSPLANTING EVERGREENS. 
The root system of the cone-bearing trees is often very exten¬ 
sive, especially in trees that have reached some age, and have grown 
all their lives undisturbed as in nature. The roots are, moreover, 
very sensitive to drying and, on account of the resinous character 
of the sap, when once dry they cannot be revived by soaking. Then, 
too, an evergreen always has leaves which are continually giving off 
some moisture, hence at no time can these trees be without moisture 
at the roots without suffering injury. These facts usually account 
for the lack of success which so many persons experience in trans¬ 
planting evergreens. The writer has seen young evergreen, trees 
that had been carelessly dug or even pulled from the soil among 
the hills, where they had become deeply rooted, and then carried 
for miles with no protection whatever to the roots. A cottonwood, 
boxelder or black locust might survive such treatment, but an ever¬ 
green should never be expected to grow when handled in this 
manner. 
USE OE FOREST GROWN SEEDLINGS. 
The fact that the roots of evergreens are usually slender and 
that they quickly extend with but little branching to considerable 
distances, when undisturbed, makes the transplanting of forest 
grown trees an uncertain matter. This is especially true when 
trees of some size are being moved by the usual methods. Native 
forest seedlings are, however, often made use of in forest planting 
and the same can be done for other uses providing that the small 
seedlings only are moved. The best time for this work is just as 
the buds are beginning to swell in spring but before the new growtli 
is out. Somewhat later transplanting’ can, however, be done with 
extra care. Such seedlings should not be over ten inches in height 
