A FEW ORCHARD PLANT LICE 9 
If the lice have lived over in any great numbers, a man with 
a good hand glass (which every fruit grower should have) can 
easily detect the fresh white secretion appearing in the old scars. 
All .the lice appearing upon the trees or roots during spring 
and summer are viviparous females. That is, they are lice that 
give birth to living young without the intervention of males. 
Probably these lice live about three weeks after becoming mature, 
during which time they will give birth to from 75 to 125 young. 
These young require about ten days to mature and, like the pa¬ 
rent, give birth to their quota of young and die. This process con¬ 
tinues generation after generation, all the lice being wingless and 
viviparous until about the first week in September, when in some 
of the colonies, winged viviparous females will begin to appear in 
small numbers. They soon leave the colonies and take wing, and 
to the present time we have entirely failed to determine what be¬ 
comes of them. When inclosed by cheesecloth so they cannot es¬ 
cape, they persist in crawling about over the walls of their cage 
and never return to the tree. Before dying, they give birth to 
the true male and female lice, but this is either done upon the walls 
of the cage or upon the inclosed trees. They act like a fall 
migrant of a louse having an alternate food plant and possessed 
of an instinct to desert the old one. It is possible that the bad 
behavior of the lice has been due to the artificial conditions un¬ 
der which they have been studied. We believe Professor Alwood 
was the first to observe and describe the true male and female of 
this louse,* and his observations also were confined to the labora¬ 
tory. 
The winged viviparous females appearing in the fall give 
birth to from six to twelve young, about half of which are males 
and half females. These egg-laying females are yellowish brown 
in color and are about half as large as the common adult apterous 
females. The male is rather light yellow in color and is consider¬ 
ably smaller than the female, and neither grow after being born, 
having no mouth parts with which to take food. The female de¬ 
velops one large yellow egg that is fully two-thirds as long as 
her own body. The female is also wingless. Ten winged females 
were dissected and from them were obtained males and females, as 
follows: 
* Bull. 102, Virg-inia Experiment Station, p. 13 9, and Spec. Bull. (C. P. C. 
No. 45), p, 12, of the same sitiation, 1904. 
