922 
DEPARTMENT OF SURGERY. 
mals is favorable to the formation of such abnormalities, while 
the other cavities seldom suffer. 
Classification of abdominal herniae : 
A. As to location : 
1. Scrotal or oscheocele. 
2. Inguinal or bubonocele. 
3. Umbilical, exomphalos, exomphalocele. 
4. Ventral. 
5. Phrenic or diaphragmatic. 
6. Vaginal. 
7. Cruro-femoral. 
B. As to condition : 
1. Reducible. 
2. Irreducible. 
3. Strangulated. 
4. Purulent or pyocele. 
5. Serous or hydrocele. 
C. As to contents : 
1. Intestinal or enterocele. 
2. Omental or epiplocele. 
3. Vesical or cystocele. 
4. Gastric or gastrocele. 
5. Hepatic or hepatocele. 
6. Splenic or splenocele. 
7. Uterine or hysterocele. 
D. As to cause : 
1. Traumatic. 
2. Congenital. 
The important hernias in domestic animal surgery are : 
1. Congenital bubonocele and escheocele. 
2. Congenital exomphalos. 
3. Traumatic ventral hernia. 
4. Strangulated hernia. 
Congenital Bubonocele and Escheocele. —Protruding loops of 
intestines or omenta into the inguinal canal and scrotum is a 
very common congenital abnormality of all domestic quadru¬ 
peds. They are especially frequent in the new born of all gen¬ 
era, but show a striking inclination to reduce spontaneously as 
the animal grows older. As an animal develops toward matur¬ 
ity there is a decided tendency to close up the natural foetal 
orifices, while at the same time the suspensory apparatus of the 
viscus (the mesentery and omenta) become relatively shorter. 
Here and there, however, the tumor persists through life and 
