DEPARTMENT OF SURGERY. 
211 
(£) Abscesses that result from tapping, punctures and 
wounds that have not been treated properly. 
(Y) Impactions of the rumen that cannot be evacuated with¬ 
out a surgical operation (rumenotomy). 
(Y) Strangulated hernia, enterocele, crvptorcliid, ovario¬ 
tomy and Caesarean section. 
2. Conditions which cannot be ascertained without opening 
the abdomen and exploring, may be classed as follows : 
(a) Tumors located in the abdomen or intestines and ex¬ 
tra-uterine pregnancy. 
(A) Rupture of intestines, suppuration in the abdomen, 
toxemia from contents of the intestines and ascites. 
(Y) Intussusception, invagination, volvulus, coprostasis, 
occlusion, strictures and dilatations are conditions that are very 
common in the ox, and which can be treated more successfully 
than in the horse. Foreign bodies , such as clothing, blankets 
and other substances which cannot be disintegrated by the pro¬ 
cess of digestion ; bezoars , which are intestinal calculi common 
to ruminants, and hair balls (aegagropilse), which are formed 
in the intestinal tract by the accumulation of hair swallowed 
by the animals during the time that they are shedding, are 
often found in the intestines of ruminants, and can be located 
by an exploration of the abdominal cavity. 
In carnivora , abdominal surgery is more frequently indi¬ 
cated than in any other domestic animals, and, in fact, are sub¬ 
jected to more surgical operations requiring laparotomy than 
either man or domestic animals. Most of the operations in¬ 
cluded in human abdominal surgery are tried, perfected and 
improved by using the canine species as a subject; and many of 
the blessings that man enjovs from the relief of pain, distress 
and oppression alleviated by surgical measures, are the results 
of operations whose technique has been improved, substantiated 
and simplified by such experimental surgery. 
The veterinary surgeon should never neglect or refuse to 
operate upon a dog or cat when such operations are indicated, 
for prompt and vigorous action in such cases will often save 
the life of the patient, and elevate the operator in the estima¬ 
tion of his client. We shall class the conditions in the dog, 
that require surgical attention in the same manner as before, 
viz.:— 
i. Conditions requiring surgical attention that can be deter¬ 
mined without laparotomy, and which can be enumerated as 
follows : 
