RELATION OF BOVINE TO HUMAN TUBERCULOSIS. 
597 
close parallelism between the numbers of dairy cows and the 
prevalence of tuberculosis in the human race. Countries that 
have few or no cattle, or in which the herds are mainly kept in 
the open air, and are therefore largely protected from the dis¬ 
ease, show as a rule little tuberculosis in man.” 
Europe .—In the European countries cattle have existed and 
tuberculosis has prevailed in man, to a greater or less extent, 
for centuries. Some special localities will be mentioned later. 
In some of the more recently civilized countries, we find 
that tuberculosis was very rare or unknown before the intro¬ 
duction of the domestic cow. 
Australia .—During the early settlement of Australia by the 
English, tuberculosis was so rarely seen as to give strength to 
the idea that the climatic conditions of the country were in¬ 
compatible with the disease. But with the advent of cattle rais¬ 
ing, which began to be carried on extensively in 1821, con¬ 
sumption began to appear among the people and it has gradu¬ 
ally increased, as has cattle raising, until the disease has become 
nearly as prevalent there, notwithstanding the delightful cli¬ 
mate, as it is in the mother country, England. 
New Zealand .—A similar condition prevails in New Zea¬ 
land ; previous to the colonization of this country by the Eng¬ 
lish, phthisis was unknown among the Maories. But with the 
advent of the Englishman’s cow, tuberculosis became a verita¬ 
ble scourge to this simple people, that threatens the extinction 
of the race if measures are not taken to control its spread. As 
Hirsch has so well put it : u In my opinion, the death rate 
from phthisis will keep on increasing in that locality if the 
breeding of cattle' is not properly regulated by law.” This 
statement of Hirsch means that tuberculosis must be controlled 
in cattle, or the Maories must go. 
South Africa .—In South Africa we find a different condition. 
The early explorations of the white man revealed the fact that 
the principal vocation of the coast tribes was cattle raising. 
And, owing to the peculiar customs of these tribes, their cattle 
were very closely inbred. It was also noticed that tuberculosis 
