METAPHYSICS. 
521 
Quantity. 
Axioms 
of 
Intuitions. 
HI. PURE PHYSIOLOGICAL TABLE. 
UNIVERSAL PRINCIPLES OF NATURAL PHILOSOPHY. 
Quality. 
Anticipation 
of 
Apprehenfion. 
Relation, 
Analogies, 
of 
Experience. 
Modality, 
Poftulates 
of 
Experimental F v eafoning. 
It may be neceflary to remind the readeiy that we are 
not treating here of the origin of experience, but of its ef- 
fence. The former belongs to empirical philofophy ; but 
the latter, which belongs to the criticilm of Knowledge, 
and particularly of the Underftanding, can alone enable 
us to develope it. 
Experience confifts of Intuitions produced by Sense, 
and of Judgments formed by the Understanding. But 
thole j udgments which the understanding produces mere¬ 
ly from fenfibie intuitions, are not yet judgments of expe¬ 
rience ; for in the former the apprehenfions are connected 
juft as they are given in the fenfibie intuition ; but in the 
latter is exprefled the nature of experience in general. 
The validity of a judgment of apprehenfion is merely 
fubjeCtive; a judgment of experience, therefore, befides the 
fenfibie intuition, and its logical connexion, made uni- 
verfal by companion, mull ftili add fomething more to 
render the fynthetical judgment a necejfary one, and there¬ 
fore universally valid. 
The whole amounts to this. The bufinefs of the fenfes 
is to form intuitions; that of the underftanding to think. 
But to think is to unite reprefentations in a conlcioul- 
nefs. This connexion may either be merely accidental 
and fubjeCtive, or neceflary'and objective. The uniting 
of reprefentations in a conlcioufnels is Judging. Think¬ 
ing is therefore judging. Conlequently Judgments are 
merely Jubjeclive when reprefentations are referred to a 
conlcioufnels in a Jingle J'ubjeCl; but they are objective 
when referred to a conjcioujhefs in general. The logical 
moments of all judgments are l'o many poflible modes of 
uniting reprefentations in a confcioulhefs. But, if they 
are to lerve as conceptions, they mult exprefs a necejfary 
union ; confequently they will be principles of objeCtive- 
ly-valid judgments. This union in a confcioulhefs, is ei¬ 
ther analytical by identity, or synthetical by the 
addition of reprefentations to each other. Experience 
confjts in the synthetical connection of the phenomena 
(apprehenfions) in a confcioufnefs, Jo far as that connexion 
is necejfary. Under the pure conceptions of underftand¬ 
ing (Categories), therefore, all apprehenfions mult be 
fubfumpted before they can become judgments of expe¬ 
rience. 
Judgments, confidered as conditions of the union of 
given reprefentations in one conlcioufnels, are Rules. 
Tliefe Rules, when they reprefent this union as necejfary, 
are rules a priori; and, when there are no higher from 
which they can be derived. Principles. If now we confi- 
der the poflibility of all experience merely as the form of 
thinking, we lhall certainly find none of its conditions 
higher than the pure conceptions of underftanding (Ca¬ 
tegories), which render empirical judgments objeCtively- 
valid : thefe are therefore principles a priori of all poflible 
experience. 
'The principles of pojfihle experience are aljo univerful laws 
tf nature, which may be known a priori; and thus is the 
problem contained in the fecond Queftion folved, namely, 
Ilow is pure Natural Philofophy pojjible? For the lyfte- 
matical completenefs requifite to a fcience i's here found ; 
fi nee, to the iormal conditions of Judgments eftablilhed 
by Logic, not one more can be added. Thefe conllitute 
a Logical System : but the conceptions involved in 
them, and which are the conditions a priori for fynthetical 
and neceflary judgments, conllitute as luch a Transcen¬ 
dental System. Finally, the principles by means of 
which all phenomena are fubfumpted under thefe con¬ 
ceptions, conllitute a Phyfiological Syftem, that is, a 
Vol. XV. No. 1037. 
System of Nature, which precedes all empirical know¬ 
ledge of nature, and, indeed, renders it poflible. It may 
therefore be properly termed the univerfal and pure fci¬ 
ence of nature. 
The firft phyfiological principle fubfumpts all pheno¬ 
mena, as intuitions in Time and Space, under the concep¬ 
tion of Quantity. It therefore applies the mathematics 
to experience. The fecond fubfumpts the fenfation un¬ 
der the conception of Quantity alio, but indirectly, be- 
caufe Seufation is no intuition either in Time or Space, 
though it places its objeCt in both. 
The reality in all objeCts (phenomena) has degrees. 
By means of this principle the underftanding can antici¬ 
pate Senlations,though they conllitute the very Quality 
of empirical reprefentations. This is a fecond applica¬ 
tion of the mathematics (mathejes intenj'orum) to the fci¬ 
ence of nature. 
The third principle has refpeCt to the Relation of the 
phenomena and their exiftence. The determination of 
this relation is not mathematical but dynamical, and can 
never be objeCtively-valid, or become matter of experi¬ 
ence, but by Handing under principles a priori, which ren¬ 
der the relations of experience poflible. Phenomena mull 
therefore be fubfumpted under the conception of Subfancc 
(or permanence), which is the foundation of all exiftence, 
being the very conception of the objeCt,itfelf, or under the 
conception of CauJ'e and EffeCt (determinate fucceflion), 
or under that of AClion and Re-aCtion (determinate co- 
exiftence). Thus are principles a priori the foundation 
of objeCtively-valid, though empirical, judgments; i. e. 
of the poflibility of experience. Thefe principles of Re¬ 
lation are the true laws of nature, and are dynamical. 
Lallly, the fourth phyfiological principle of Modality 
reprefents not the agreement and connexion of the phe¬ 
nomena among one another in experience, but their re¬ 
lation to experience in general. It determines either 
their agreement with the formal conditions of the Under- 
Handing, or their coherence with the material conditions 
of fenfe and apprehenfion, or their agreement with both 
the formal and material conditions. It comprifes, there¬ 
fore, Poflibility, Exiilence, and Neceflity, as Laws of Na¬ 
ture ; and conllitutes the phyfiological doCtrine of Me¬ 
thod. 
This Table of Phyfiological Principles, drawn according 
to our critical method, from the nature of the underjlanding 
itfelf, exhibits a perfection which railes it far above every 
other that can be derived from the dogmatical notion of 
the things in themlelves. For in it all the fynthetical 
principles apriori are completely elaborated, and that ac¬ 
cording to a principle; nameiy, the Principle of Judg¬ 
ment in general, which conllitutes experience, agreeably 
to the nature of the underftanding. We now know, there¬ 
fore, that there can be no other phyfiological principles j 
a fatisfa&ion which the dogmatical method can never af¬ 
ford. This is, however, by no means its greatell merit. 
We mull confider well the nature of the argument by 
which the poflibility of this knowledge a priori is efta- 
blilhed ; and refleft that it limits it at the lame time by a 
moll important condition, othervvife it may be mifunder- 
llood, and carried.farther in its application than the un¬ 
derftanding warrants. It mull never be forgotten, that 
thele principles are merely the conditions of poflible ex¬ 
perience, lo far as it is lubjeCt to laws a priori. I do not 
therefore lay that the things in themlelves have Quantity, 
or their Reality a Degree, or that their exigence implies a 
connection of accidents in a Subjiancc , Nc, for this no 
3 L ous 
