M l 
The upper ftone going round grinds it, throwing out the 
meal, as already faid, at the eye L. Another handle, if 
thought proper, may be put at the other gnd E. The 
ipindle mull go through both ftones in order to reach the 
beam M N, and the hole through which it paffes is faf- 
tened with leather or wood, fo that no meal can pals 
through. Mr. Emerfon, from whom this account is taken, 
obferves, that “ it is a pity l'ome fuch mills are not made 
at a cheap rate, for the fake of the poor, who are much 
diftreffed by the roguery of the millers.” 
The coniftruftion of a horfe-mill differs not from that of 
the band-mill jull defcribed ; excepting that, inftead of the 
handle D, the fpindle is furnilhed with a long horizontal 
lever and cogged wheel, which turns the trundle and 
ftones, as already mentioned. The ftones are much heavier 
than in the hand-mill. If wings, or fails, be fixed fo as to 
communicate with the cogged wheel and trundle, then we 
have a wind-mill ; and nearly the fame machinery, fo 
fituated that a wheel turned by a dream of water may aft 
upon the fame parts, gives us a water-will. See, for full 
particulars, the article Mechanics, vol. xiv. p. 685 and 
765. and Plate X. and XXVIII. And, as wind-mills fo 
effentially contribute to agricultural and domeltic conve¬ 
nience, we fhall add a delineation of a fpecimen of thofe 
employed in the vicinity of Lifbon ; becaul'e the conftruc- 
tion of their fails is in fome refpefts different from, and, 
in the opinion of lord Somerville, fuperior to, thofe ufed in 
Great Britain. See fig. 7. The advantages of mills on this 
conftruftion are dated by his lordfhip to be the following: 
1. That the broad part of the fail is at the end of the lever, 
or branch, and thus an equal refidance may be overcome 
with lefs length of branches, or arms. Thefe being con- 
fequently diortened, a confiderable weight of timber will 
be rendered unneceflary, and a material having of expenfe 
be obtained, in the height, prime cod, and fubfequent re¬ 
pairs, of the mill. 1. The fails, condrufted on the plan 
above reprefented, may be fet to draw in a manner dmilar 
to the day-fails of a fhip ; and, as they are fwelled more 
than thole of common mills, his lordfhip remarks, that 
they will render it unnecedary to bring the mill fo fre¬ 
quently to the wind ; a practice which, in machines of the 
ufual condruftion, is always attended with confiderable 
trouble. 
The hint of Mr. Emerfon, recommending parifh-mills in 
this country, has been afted upon occafionally in times of 
fcarcity, real or artificial. The following account, relat¬ 
ing to a parifh-mill at Chidehurd, is copied from the 
Reports of the Society for bettering the Condition of the 
Poor. 
The fcarcity of wheat in the fummer of the year 1795 
led many of the inhabitants of Chidehurd into a wifh, 
that they might have a mill on their common, under fuch 
regulations that each perfon in the parifh might be certain 
of having his own corn fairly ground, and returned to him 
in due meafure, and of its being dreffed to fuch a degree 
of finenefs as he fhould choofe; or that he might be able 
to purchal'e, at a fair price, fuch kind of dour, mixed or 
unmixed, as he wifhed. The building of one at the ex¬ 
penfe of the parilh was the fird thought. But they were 
difiuaded from that, by its being pointed out to them, 
that fuch an expenfe would fall very heavy upon many 
perfons, who could already barely fupport the weight of 
the prefent rates. For, whether the principal were to be 
raifed upon the parilh in the fird indance, or the money to 
be obtained by granting life-annuities out of the rates, 
which lad requires a fpecial authority, in either cafe it 
would be felt as a very great burthen. It was therefore 
propofed to the parifliioners, that, if they would give their 
confent to the granting of a part of the common for that 
purpofe, a fet ol ladies and gentlemen (the number of them 
beingat lad fettled to be ten) would undertake the whole 
at their own expenfe, and build a parifii-mill. Two parti¬ 
cular days in each week diould be allotted to the working 
for the poor, or for fuch perfons as diould bring but fmall 
quantities of corn to be ground. The perfon who brought 
Vol. XV. No. 1051. 
L L. . 385 
it diould be allowed, if he cliofe, to day and fee it ground ; 
and, after having it dreffed juft as he might choofe, fhould 
take it away with him, upon paying in ready money qd. 
per bufhel for the grinding, and 2d. for the dreding, if 
required to be dreffed: but that on other days, or when 
there was no grift-work fent in, the mill might be worked 
for the benefit of the proprietors ; or it might be let by 
them to a tenant, under the fame reftriftions. On thefe 
conditions the ground was granted : and, on the failure 
of the conditions, it was agreed that it fhould be forfeited, 
and revert fo the parifh. 
The original idea of the proprietors was to ereftamill, 
fuch as had been built a few years before on Dartford 
Brent. The bafement of brick, the mill itfelf of timber, 
with the head alone turning to the wind. The colt of 
that at Dartford was laid to have been 800I. The lum of 
stool, more was intended to be added for a houfe for the 
miller; the fhares being eftimated at iool. to each pro¬ 
prietor. Mr. Hall of Dartford, who had been employed 
111 the mill at that place, was confulted: and at^aft it 
was agreed that he fhould build that at Chiflehurft. No 
precile terms- were drawn up in writing concerning it. 
He offered to undertake it for 1000I. or to build it as 
fhould be direfted, and to be paid by meafure and value 
when it was completed. The laft propofal was preferred. 
Orders were given to him accordingly. He laid the foun¬ 
dation early in the fpring of 1796 ; and the mill began to 
work in April 1797; but it was not completed till Sep¬ 
tember in that year. In the mean time a neat miller’s 
houfe was finiflied ; and about two acres of land inclofed 
for his ufe. The mill carries three pair of fcones. Two 
pair of French ones for wheat; and one bed-ftone, French, 
with a runner of Peak-ftone, for barley, or hogs’ meat. 
There is all'o a machine for drefling the meal; in which 
the revolution of the brufhes is eaiily reverfed, for their 
prefervation; as alfo a bolting-machine for cloths of 
various lizes. The mill itfelf draws up the facks, and fets 
them down on any of the floors. The wind-fhaft, and 
the crofs, are of call-iron. The head turns itfelf to the 
wind, by a fan-tail and rack-work. The cap is a hemi- 
fphere very curioufly formed, both for beauty and for 
keeping out the weather, by means of bent planks. The 
weather-boarding of the mill itfelf is unufually good ; 
every part being covered doubly. The joints at each 
angle (for the body of the mill is oftagonal) are covered 
with fheet lead: which helps to form part of a metallic 
communication from the top to the earth, as a fecurity 
againft lightning. 
The deiign of the proprietors in erefting the mill, was 
not to underfell the fair dealer in any refpeft; or to let 
even the poor have their meal at a price below the mar¬ 
ket: but to put it in the power of each perfon, in every 
ftation of life, to obtain fuch flour of any fort of grain 
as he might choofe ; and to obtain it of a good quality. 
All the effett intended to be produced on other millers, or on 
the retail dealers of theJhops, was to make it their interejl to 
deal fairly by their cuftomers. 
Parifh-mills are"at prefent much wanted: the ereftiora 
of them will be very ufeful in molt parts of England; 
and, with a proper degree of attention, they will pay a 
lufficient intereft upon the money to be expended in the 
ereftion of them. 
The mills which grind for the London market ufe three 
dreffmg-machines: the fineft flour is that which has been 
palled through a wire-cloth of 64. per inch, when the meal 
is dreffed the firft time; the other part of the cylinder is 
coarfe wire, which buffers a coarfe meal, called middlings 
to pafs through it; but the bran and coarfe pollard tail 
out at the end of the cylinder. The middlings are ground 
over again in a pair of mill-ftones which are rather dull, 
and become unfit for grinding corn without drefling 
them again: then, after this fecond grinding, the meal it 
dreffed in the cloth machine, called the bolting-cloth, 
which takes out the fecond flour, and the pollard comes 
out at the end of the cloth : the bran and the pollard to- 
5 F gether 
