Earths. MINERALOGY. Earths. 
472 
phyry, with a cement of jafper or porphyry. Found on 
Mount Hykieberg in Dalecarlia, and the rock Serna on 
Mount Schwalbenftein in Henneberg. 
21. Breccia arenaria: compofed of the conglutinated 
fragments of fandftone. P'ound in Dalecarlia in Swe¬ 
den. 
22. Breccia faxofa : compofed of the fragments of va¬ 
rious ftones cemented together. Found in Dalecarlia, 
Normandy, and Sweden. 
23. Breccia fterilis : compofed of the fragments of va¬ 
rious Hones, fimple as well as aggregate, cemented toge¬ 
ther. Found in the mountains of Thuringia and Hefle, 
under ftrata of bituminous marl. 
Akenarius, Sandftone.—Confifting of grains of fand 
cemented together: occurring in lira tided mountains, and 
forming entire ilrata, rocks, hills, or mountains ; gene¬ 
rally of a common form, and breaking into indeterminate 
fragments. 
Sandftone, often aifo called grit-ftone, or limply grit, 
is to pebble-ftone what land is to gravel or pebbles. It 
occurs very commonly in the northern part of England 
in regular ftrata : in the foutliern part, chiefly in the 
form of irregular mafles imbedded in fand, See. In thofe 
parts of Derbyfliire where coal is found, there are two 
different ftrata of fandftone. One of thefe confifts of a 
large-grained land of a very faint Hefti-colour, apparently 
cemented by minute particles of an opaque milk-white 
fubftance, fomewhat refembling earthy felfpar : the com¬ 
pound would not be unlike feme varieties of the white 
granite of Cornwall, provided the proportion of that 
opaque white fubftance were greater. The other fand¬ 
ftone of Derbyfliire is cemented b)r argillaceous particles ; 
and is of a much fmaller grain than the preceding. The 
fandftone of which Windlor Caftle is built confifts of mi¬ 
nute grains of quartz limply aggregated. It is found in 
the form of a very large irregularly pebble-lhaped mafles, 
imbedded in fand or clay, in different parts of Oxford- 
fliire and Berklhire. The neighbourhood of Godftone in 
Sufl'ex affords numerous mafles of Hone of this kind ; and 
that place is faid to have derived its name from the fre¬ 
quent ufe of this ftone in the conftruftion of churches 
and religious houfes. Thofe very large ftones that corn- 
pole the outer circle of Stonehenge are a fandftone of this 
nature; which is in fome places very hard and compact, 
in others remarkably friable. The fandftone of Worcef- 
terlhire, and of the midland counties, is of aloofe texture, 
and of a red colour. Owing to the loofenefs of its tex¬ 
ture, it is eafily difintegrated ; and hence the landy foil 
that is met with in the neighbourhood of Omberlley, 
Halefowen, and many other parts of Worcefterlhire, Shrop- 
fhire, &c. This fandftone is the bale of the green glafs 
made at Stourbridge j the iron, contained in it, impart¬ 
ing the green-colour. In many inftances it pafles into 
the ftate of a loofely-aggregated pudding-ftone. The 
ihndltone of the northern part of England and of the fouth 
of Scotland is hard, and of abroad Ichiftofe ftrudlure. In 
the neighbourhood of Newcaftle a fpecies of it is employed 
for making thofe circular grindftones fo common in all 
parts of this country. The flags with which the foot¬ 
way of the ftreets in London are paved are of this land- 
ftone; of which there is a very productive quarry in the 
neighbourhood of Edinburgh. That quarry is remark¬ 
able for affording a very good illuftration of the nature 
of aftratified rock ; the feams, or l'eparations, of the dif¬ 
ferent ftrata, being very obvious. 
Many fandftones contain minute particles of mica, ir¬ 
regularly difieminated through their fubftance, or depo- 
fited in more than ufual abundance between the laminte. 
Many of the mountains of Brecknockfliire and Radnor- 
ftiire are a brow nilh-red micaceous fandftone ; the colour 
owing to the prefence of an ochry clay. The difintegra- 
tion of them feems to have produced that red clay fo 
common in thofe and the neighbouring counties. The 
rock on which Nottingham Caftle Hands is a loofely- 
ag^regated fandftone, containing numerous fmall filiceous 
pebbles. Similar but larger pebbles are met with, though 
not fo frequently, in the fandftone near Perth. 
The fandftone met with at Fontainebleau, w r hich is 
ufed for paving the ftreets of Paris, is remarkable for con¬ 
taining groups of rhomboidal cryftals. They are found 
in cavities of the fandftone, and are fuppoled to have been 
formed by the infiltration of particles of calcareous car- 
bonat into the fubftance of it. It is a very curious cir- 
cumftance, that, though the form of thefe cryftals is that 
of one of the varieties of cryftallized carbonat of lime, 
and is certainly owing to the prelence of calcareous mat¬ 
ter ; yet the proportion of this is not more than one third. 
There are thirty-five fpecies, in five divifions. 
1. Simpler, wuth a filiceous cement. 1. Arenarius flexi- 
lis, or elaftic fandftone : elaftic, hard, apyrous, in fome- 
w'hat fcaly particles. Found in Brafil: of a hoary colour, 
rough, and not effervefeing with acids. In larger pieces 
it may be eafily bent backwards and forwards, when it 
returns into its former pofition with a fmall fpring and a 
flight degree of crackling noife. In a white heat it does 
not lofe the leaft quantity of its weight, nor, as far as re- 
fpefts its fmaller particles, of its tranfparency. 
2. Arenarius avanturinus, or avanturine: hard, taking 
a fine (hining polifh ; confiding of tawny grains unequally 
tinged. Found in Britain, Spain, Bohemia, and Saxony, 
3. Arenarius cos, filiceous fandftone, or grindftone: 
hardiih, brittle, not taking a polifli, confifting of fmall 
equal grains. Found in Great Britain and various other 
parts of Europe ; of a rufous, yellowifli, white, or grey, 
colour; fometimes mixed with particles of mica, or con¬ 
taining veitiges of fttells. It is chiefly ufed for grindftones, 
feythe-ftones, and buildings : and is fuppofed to produce 
confumption in thofe who inhale its fine dufty particles- 
4. Arenarius coagmentatus, or patched fandftone: po¬ 
rous, not filtering water, confifting of rather larger tranf- 
parent grains. Found in various parts of Europe; and 
is more or lefs porous, with rigid tranfparent grains. 
5. Arenarius foraminulentus, or porous fandftone: 
lightilh, irregularly pitted, filtering water, confifting of 
fmaller grains. Found in Ingermannia, where it is ufed 
for buildings. 
6 . Arenarius filtrum, or filtering-ftone : hard, filtering 
water, confifting of larger equal grains. Found in the 
Canaries, on the fhores of New Spain, and in Saxony and 
Bohemia; generally grey, with pellucid angular grains. 
Its chief ufe is to render lalt waters fweet, or turbid ones 
clear. 
7. Arenarius fundamentalis,orangularfandftone: hard- 
ill), confifting of unequal, angular, opake, large, grains. 
Found in Great Britain, particularly Devonfliire and Che- 
ftiire; in Sweden and other parts ; rigid to the touch, dif¬ 
ficult to be cut into pieces, falling into fand in a fmall de¬ 
gree of heat. Colour white, grey, greenith, brown, red, 
or yellowilh. It is rather folid ; and, when cut horizon¬ 
tally is uled for the foundation of buildings. 
II. With a calcareous cement. 8. Arenarius cryftal- 
linus : hard, grey, in aggregate rhombic cryftals united by 
a cement of fpar. Found in feveral parts of France. Con¬ 
tains about five parts of fand to three of fpar. 
9. Arenarius ftillatitius: hard, grey, in the form of a 
ftalaftite. Found near Fontainebleau in France. 
10. Arenarius margaritarius : confifting of tranfparent 
unequal grains, united by a cement of white chalk. Found 
in Nericia in Sweden. 
11. Arenarius Helense : friable; confifting of black 
and grey grains united by a cement of white chalk. Found 
in St. Helen’s : friable, and exhibiting when burnt a yel¬ 
lowilh and fanciy calx. 
12. Arenarius Livonicus, or calcareous fandftone: grey, 
hardening in the air, confifting of fmaller grains cemented 
by white chalk. Found in Livonia. Becomes yellowilh 
when burnt. 
13. Arenarius Scanicus: in green tranfparent grains 
cemented by white marble. Found near Backerlkog in 
Norway. 
3 14. Arenarius- 
