41)6 Metals. MINERALOGY. Metals. 
magnet, liver-brown with a black ftreak, finking fire with 
fteel, reducible to fomewhat-cubical fragments. Found 
in the alps of Lapland ; compact. 
9. Ferrum nitens, or fhining iron: attradled by the 
magnet, compadl, black, with a red flreak, reducible to 
cubic fliining-fragments. Found in the mines of Arendal 
in Norway. 
:o. Ferrum rhombicum, or rhombic iron : attracted by 
the magnet, compact, with a red ftreak, reducible to 
rhombic fragments. Found in the mines of Bitiburgen 
in Sweden. . 
11. Ferrum fuccinum, or amber-iron : attracted by the 
magnet, compadt, black with a red ftreak, breaking into 
indeterminate fragments. Found in the mines of Sweden. 
12. Ferrum lamellofum, or lamellated iron-ore: at- 
tradted by the magnet, black with a red ftreak, lamellar. 
Found in Norway, Ruflia, Siberia, India, and Mexico ; 
iron-black, folid, fhining, with a lamellar texture. Con¬ 
tains a large proportion of iron. 
13. Ferrum magnes, the magnet, or loadftone: mag¬ 
netic, compadt, of a common form. Found in the mines 
of Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Lapland, Siberia, Bohe¬ 
mia, North America, and Peru, in maffes, plates, grains, or 
eigbt-fided cryftals. Colour generally iron-black, brown, 
fteel-grey, or bluifh. It is hard, brittle, with commonly 
a little luftre, and breaks into indeterminate obtufe-angled 
fragments: it often contains above 80 per cent, of iron. 
A mountain in Peru is mentioned, which confifts entirely 
of magnet. 
Magnetic iron ore is reduced to a metallic ftate by fufion 
•with coke or charcoal; and, if the procefs be carefully 
condudted, it at once produces iron of the belt quality. 
If too quickly fufed, its oxygen is not entirely feparated ; 
and the iron when at a red heat is confequently often 
brittle, in which ftate it is technically called red-Jhort 
iron. Mr. Kirwan oblerves with refpedl to this property, 
that metallic calces, or oxyds, never thoroughly unite 
with fubftances in their fully-metallic ftate ; hence, when 
iron imperfedlly reduced, in which cafe many of its par¬ 
ticles are in an oxydated ftate, is much dilated, as it is in 
a red heat, the points of contadl are too few, and a divi- 
fion or fradture neceffarily takes place. He adds, that 
fulphur in ever fo fmall a proportion, or clay, or any other 
foreign ingredient, produces the lame effedt. _ 
This may be diftinguifhed from fpecular iron-ore, by 
the bldck colour of its powder; the powder of fpecular 
iron-ore having generally a fhade of red mixed with black : 
alf'o, by the readinefs with which it is attradled by the 
magnet; which feldom has much influence on even the 
fmalleft particles of fpecular iron ore. The odlohedral 
form of the cryftals of the former fpecies is alfo a good 
diftindtive mark, where it is prefent. It may be diftin¬ 
guifhed from granular fulphuret of lead by the readinefs 
with which it obeys the magnet. 
14. Ferrum granulare, or granular magnet: magnetic, 
of a granular texture, and common form. Found in the 
iron mines of Sweden ; and relembles the loadftone, ex¬ 
cept in its texture. 
15. Ferrum fthrofum, or fibrous magnet: magnetic, of 
a fibrous texture, and common form. Found in Sweden, 
of a colour between fteel-grey and bluifh-grey, with a 
little luftre ; opake, foft, brittle, breaking into indeter¬ 
minate fragments. It gives a dark-bluiih ftreak ; and 
confifts of fine, ftraight, falcicled, fibres. 
iC. Ferrum fquamofum, or fcaly iron-ftone : magnetic, 
of a lamellar texture, and common form. Found in the 
mines of Norway, Siberia, and Ruflia ; folid, fhining, of 
an iron-black colour, and giving a reddifh ftreak. It con¬ 
fifts of thick ftraight plates. 
17. Ferrum fubtetrahedrum, or four-fided iron-ftone: 
magnetic, black, in the form of cryftals. Found in the 
mines of Norway and Saxony, generally in a matrix of 
gneifs, and accompanying copper pyrites. Its cryftals 
are generally double four-fided pyramids, or four-fided 
oblique-angled prifms, or in fix-fided wedge-like figures, 
5 
one end terminating in an acicular point, the other in an 
irregular eight-fided pyramid. 
18. Ferrum bafalticum, or columnar iron-ore: mag¬ 
netic, brownifh-red, formed of flender columns adhering 
to each other, and which are generally incurved. Found 
in Bohemia, Franconia, &c. generally in large llrata, con- 
flfting of columns which are eafily feparable, fometimes 
jointed, and with their furface rough. It flightiy ftains 
the fingers, feels dry, adheres to the tongue, founds 
hollow when {truck, blackens before the blowpipe, 
eft'ervefce.s with borax, and gives it an olive-green and 
blackifn tinge. 
19. Ferrum micaceum, or micaceous iron-ore : not mag¬ 
netic ; iron-grey, fhining, of a lamellar texture. Found 
in Wales, Scotland, Cornwall, &c. alfo in Siberia, Lap- 
land, Sweden, Hungary, and other parts of Europe; maf- 
five or diflemmated, varioufly grouped, or cryftallized in 
fmall fix-fided tables. Colour bright iron-grey, bluifh, or 
approaching to black. Foliations brittle, ftraight or in¬ 
curved, and rarely prefent a granular concretion. Feels 
fomewhat greafy, and does not ftain the fingers. Specific 
gravity, 4§ to 5. 
20. Ferrum fpeculare, or fpecular iron-ore: not mag¬ 
netic ; compadt, of a fteel-grey colour and luftre, with a 
red ftreak, internally fpecular. Found in the mines of Lan- 
cafhire ; alfo in the ifle of Elba, Germany, France, Ruflia, 
&c. maflive, difleminated, or cryftallized. Colour dark- 
grey, or inclining to brown, the furface often tarnifhed, 
and exhibiting various iridefcent colours : cryftals cubic 
or rhombic, or in flat fix or eight fided tables, or in prifms 
and pyramids, often cellularly difpofed in thin eredt an¬ 
gular plates. It gives a dark-red ftreak, and blackifk-red 
powder; is hard, but not brittle. Specific gravity, 5. 
Contains iron 66‘i, oxygen 2i’2, water and carbonic acid 
io - 7, lime. 2. 
This ore frequently occurs diftinclly cryftallized ; the 
molt beautiful forms of which variety come from the ifle of 
Elba : the interilices of the cryftals of the Elba-iron are 
often occupied by a white earthy fubftance, and by brown¬ 
ifh-red ochre ; and their furface is frequently iridefcent, 
or of a greenifh bronze colour: the iridefcence of this 
mineral is peculiarly brilliant. The fpecular iron-ore of 
Norway and Sweden is often laminated ; and the mafs is 
divided by numerous fifl'ures, refembling lines, which 
crofs each other obliquely fo as to leave rhomboidal in- 
terftices: thefe lines are parallel to the primitive cryftal- 
line form of this variety of iron. Sometimes the laminae 
are curved: at.others they infenfibly graduate into radi¬ 
ating acicular prifms. A variety of the form laft men¬ 
tioned occurs in irregular nodules, imbedded in maffes 
of brownilh-red ochry clay, near Totnefs in Devonfhire. 
When reduced, it afforded nearly feven-tenths of metallic 
iron. A delicately-cryllallized form of fpecular iron oc¬ 
curs in the hematitic iron-ore found nearBriftol: the 
form of the cryftals is ufually lenticular, but fo much 
flattened as to appear merely laminar: they accompany 
pyramidal cryftals of completely-tranfparent quartz; and 
thefe cryftals often appear black in conlequence of the 
colour of the fpecular iron placed under and feen through 
them. Specular iron may be diftinguifhed from magnetic 
iron by the red fhade obfervable in it when pulverized ; 
befides which it is rarely attradled by the magnet: from 
grey copper, by the red lhade of its powder: from gra¬ 
nular fulphuret of lead, which it often refembles, by the 
fame mark: from tungften, by its lighter colour and 
brighter luftre; and by its inferior i'pecific gravity: from 
dark-coloured mica, by its metallic brilliancy and greater 
fpecific gravity. 
21. Ferrum rubricofum, or red fcaly iron-ore: not mag¬ 
netic ; red, lamellar, Aiming internally, very foft, greafy 
to the touch, and ftaining the fingers; of a common form. 
Found in Lancafhire, Wales, Sweden, Saxony, Hungary, 
&c. molt commonly incumbent upon other ores and mi¬ 
nerals : colour cherry-reft, often paffing into fteel-grey or 
brpwn: texture foliated, with the ieales generally in¬ 
curved. 
