&22 Petrifactions. MINERALOGY, Petrifactions. 
numerous parts of Europe and Afia; and one very re¬ 
markable circumftance is, that it has not been brought 
from afar; and another, that it has not been by any (low 
and infenfible change of the earth, but by fam'e fudden 
change, that this fpecies has ceafed to exift. The whole 
rhinoceros, found with its flefli and fkin, buried in the 
ice, on the borders of the Wiluji, evidently demonftrates, 
he thinks, thefe two proportions. How, he alks, could 
it have come there from the Indies, or from any other 
warm country, without falling to pieces ? How could it 
have been preserved, if the ice had not involved it fud- 
denly ? and, therefore, how could it have been involved 
in this manner, if the change of climate had been gradual 
and infenfible ? 
5. Zoolithus elephantis ; or the tulks, grinders, and 
bones, of the elephant; found in various bogs of England 
and Ireland. According to Mr. Parkinfon, much remains 
to be afcertained with refpedl to the folfil bones of the 
elephant, of which conliderable numbers have been found 
in various parts of France, Germany, and Italy, as well 
as in this country; but no-wliere are they fo abundant 
as in Siberia. In America the remains of an unknown 
fpecies of this animal are alio very abundant. The ele¬ 
phantine remains which have been found in Siberia, have 
been fuppofed to belong to no fpecies now known; for, 
though the teeth are formed of plates difpofed parallel to 
each other, as in the Afiatic elephant, thefe plates are 
laid to be thinner, and confequently more numerous. 
The remains of elephants difcovered in this country feem 
to be referrible, in moll inltances, to the Afiatic. With 
regard to the elephant whole remains have been found in 
America, the tooth of which differs effentially from all 
known follil or recent fpecies, in having its crown cuf- 
pidated and covered with enamel, there exifts at prefent 
every reafon for fuppofing it to be a fpecies now extinfl. 
An animal of this kind, with its flelh, Ikin, and hair, has 
been lately found in Siberia. According to Pallas, from 
the Tanais to the continental angle nearelt to America, 
there is hardly a river in this immenfe fpace, efpecially 
in the plains, upon the fliores or in the bed of which 
have not been found the bones of elephants, and of other 
animals not of that climate. From the mountains by 
which Alia is bounded, to the frozen Ihores of the ocean, 
all Siberia is filled with prodigious bones. The bell follil 
ivory is found in countries nearell to the arflic circle, as 
well as in the eallern countries, which are much colder 
than Europe under the fame latitude; countries in which 
only the furface of the ground becomes thawed during 
the fummer. See Mammoth, and Manis megatherium, 
in vol. xiv. 
There have been lately found, in a field near Brentford 
in Middlefex, teeth and bones of both the African and 
Afiatic elephants. A tulk of an elephant mealured, as it 
lay on the ground, nine feet three inches; but, in at¬ 
tempting to remove it, it broke into fmall pieces. Organic 
liemainsfound by Mr. Trimmer,near Brentford; Phil.Tranf. 
6. Zoolithus rofmari; the head of the morl'e. (See 
Trichechus.) Found in the neighbourhood of Bononia 
in Italy. 
7. Zoolithus canis. The bones of an unknown carni¬ 
vorous animal were found by Cuvier in the plaller-ltone 
of Montmartre, near Paris. The form of its jaw-bones, 
the number of its grinders, the points with which they 
are armed, indicate that this fpecies mull belong to the 
genus of the Canis. It however does not exaflly relemble 
any known fpecies of that genus. The moil linking dif- 
tinilive mark is, that the feventh lower grinder is the 
greatell in the animal of Montmartre; whereas it is the 
fifth in the dog, wolf, fox, &c. 
8. Zoolithus foricis; the lkeleton of the Ihrew. Found 
in Bohemia, buried in (hiitus. 
9. Zoolithus cervi; the lkeleton, horns, or feparate 
bones, of the Hag. Thefe are found frequently buried in 
the ground in fome mountains in England and Ireland, 
efpecially the horns of the inool'e-deer; and alio in the 
mountains near Baruth in Silefia, fometimes the whole 
lkeleton, and fometimes parts only. In Ireland there 
have been found the remains of deer, of a fize far exceed¬ 
ing any now known. 
10. Zoolithus bovis; the lkeleton of the ox. Found 
about a century and a half ago, between Querfurth and 
Gutterlladt in Saxony. The Ikulls of two, which have 
been deferibed by Pallas, were found in Siberia. One of 
thefe he referred to the common buffalo; but he after¬ 
wards-referred it to a particular fpecies named ami, ori¬ 
ginating from Thibet. Cuvier proves, by olleological 
comparifon, that this Ikull does not belong to the buffalo. 
The other kind appeared to Pallas to belong to the buf¬ 
falo of the Cape, or the mulk-ox of Canada. Cuvier fliows 
that they could not have belonged to the former; but, 
not having the cranium of the arni, nor the mulk- ox, he 
does not lpeak with certainty of their identity or non¬ 
identity with thefe folfil crania. Cuvier deferibes, alfo, 
two forts of crania found in the modes in the department 
of La Somme, and which have a great refemblance to thole 
of the urus, which are nearly one-fourth larger. Mr. 
Trimmer (Phil. Tranf. quoted above) dug up, near Brent¬ 
ford, the horns, with a fmall part of the Ikin, of an ox. 
“ One of thefe horns (fays he) I had an opportunity of 
meafuring as it lay on the ground, and found it to be 
four feet and a half in length, and five inches in diameter 
at the large end ; it was found imprafticable to remove 
it, otherwife than in fragments, which I have preferved, 
and have hopes of being able to put a confiderable part 
of it together. The immenfe fize of this horn is rendered 
more remarkable by another horn from the fame fpot, 
which meafures but fix inches in length. Though this 
llratum is fo extremely produftive of the remains of ani¬ 
mals, yet there are but few good cabinet-fpecimens from 
it, owing, it is prefumed, to their having been crulhed at 
the time they were buried, and to the injury they have 
fince received from moillure.” 
11. Zoolithus equitis; bones and teeth of the horfe. 
The remains of the horfe are only found in the loofer 
alluvial depolitions. “ I recolledl no inllance, in this 
illand, (fays Mr. Parkinfon,) in which its remains have 
been found imbedded in chemical depofitions which pof- 
fefs a llony hardnefs. Thus its remains are frequently 
found in peat-beds, in gravel, loam, &c. but not to my 
recolleftion in limellone. From the llrata in which they 
exiil being frequently contiguous to the furface, thefe 
remains are often turned up with the plough; leldom 
exciting much notice, from their not being confidered 
otherwife than as the remains of animals of but late ex- 
illence. This notion has of courle derived confiderable 
fupport from the circumftance of thefe teeth, bones, &c. 
not differing from the living fpecies of the prefent day. 
Although lo exattly agreeing with thofe of the prefent 
fpecies, the teeth and bones of the horfe are often found 
mingled with the bones of thofe animals which mull have 
exifted at a very diftant aera, and even fometimes with the 
remains of thole animals which are now unknown to us. 
Thus I have met with them, in this country, in the fame 
ftratum which has yielded the bones of the great Irilh elk, 
of the elephant, rhinoceros, and hippopotamus, and per¬ 
haps of the mammoth. Cuvier himfelf faw hundreds of 
the teeth and bones of horfes taken from the canal of 
Ourcq, mixed with thofe of elephants; fome of the for¬ 
mer being really petrified. At Canlladt, in Wirtemberg, 
they are found in prodigious numbers, with the bones of 
elephants, tigers, rhinocerofes, and hyenas: they have alfo 
been found, thus affociated, in Italy, in different parts of 
France, and in many of thole beds, in other parts of the 
world, in which elephantine remains have been found. 
This, as is jultly obferved by M. Cuvier, is defervedly in- 
terellingj iince, from the remains of the animals with 
which they are affociated, it is probable that they lived 
before our continents exifted in their prelent Hate.” Or¬ 
ganic Remains, vol. iii. 
is. Zoolithus hippopotami; teeth and other bones of 
the 
