M O G U L. 
614 
the night-time, and retired with all his people to fome dif- 
tance. He was lcarcely gone when Vang Khan’s troops 
arrived, and difcharged an incredible number of arrows 
among the empty tents ; but, finding nobody there, they 
purfued Temujin in fuch bafte that they fell into great 
diforder. In this condition they were fuddenly attacked 
and routed by Temujin ; after which an open war with 
Vang Khan took place. 
By this quarrel almoft all the princes of Tartary were 
put in motion; fome Tiding with Temujin, and others 
with Vang Khan. But at laft fortune declared in favour 
of the former : Vang Khan was overthrown in a battle, 
where he loll; 40,000 men ; and obliged to fly for refuge 
to a prince named Tayycin Khan, who was Temujin’s fa¬ 
ther-in-law, and his own enemy, and by whom he was 
ungeneroully put to death. Temujin immediately began 
to leize on his dominions, great part of which voluntarily 
lubmitted ; but a confederacy was formed againft him by 
a .number of Vang Khan’s tributaries, at the head of 
whom was Jamuka, a prince who had already diftinguifh- 
ed himfelf by his enmity to Temujin; and even Tayyan 
Khan himfelf was drawn into the plot, through jealoufy 
of his fon-in-law’s good fortune. But Temujin was well 
prepared ; and in the year 1204 attacked Tayyan Khan, 
entirely routed his army, killed him, and took Jemuka 
prifoner, whofe head he caufed inllantly to be ftruck 
off; after which he marched againft the other tribes who 
had confpired againft him. Them he quietly reduced ; 
took a city called Kailiin, where he put all to the fword 
who had borne arms againft him ; and reduced all the Mo¬ 
gul tribes in 1205. 
Temujin now, having none to oppofe him, called a ge¬ 
neral diet, which he appointed to be held on the firft day 
of the fpring 1206 ; that is, on the day in which the fun 
entered Aries. To this diet were fummoned all the great 
lords, both Moguls and Tartars ; and in the mean time, to 
eftablifli good order in the army, he divided his foldiers 
into bodies of 1000, 100, and xo, men, with their refpec- 
tive officers, all fubordinate to the generals, or thofe who 
commanded the bodies of 10,000; and thefe were to a<X 
under his own fons. On the day of holding the diet, the 
princes of the blood and great lords appeared dreffcd in 
white. Temujin dreffed in the fame manner, with his 
crown on his head, fat down on his throne, and was com¬ 
plimented by the whole affembly, who wiflied. him the 
continuance of his health and profperity. After this 
they confirmed the Mogul empire to him and his fuccefi- 
Tors, adding all thofe kingdoms which he had fubdued, 
the defendants of whofe vanquifhed khans were deprived 
of all right or title to them; and after this he was pro¬ 
claimed emperor with much ceremony. During this in¬ 
auguration, a pretended prophet declared that he came 
from God to tell the affembly, that from thenceforth Te¬ 
mujin fhould affume the name of Gengis Khan, or the 
Great Khan of khans; prophecying alfo, that all his pof- 
terity fhould be khans from generation to generation. 
This prophecy, which was no doubt owing to Temujin 
himfelf, had a furprifing effect on his fubje&s, who from 
that time concluded that all the world belonged of right 
to them, and even thought it a crime againft heaven for 
any body to pretend to refift them. 
’Gengis Khan, having now reduced under his fubjec- 
iion all the wandering tribes of Moguls and Tartars, be¬ 
gan to think of reducing thofe countries to the fouth and 
iouth-well of his own, where the inhabitants were much 
more civilized than his own fubjeits; and, the countries 
being full of fortified cities, he mult of courfe expert to 
meet with more refiftance. He began with the emperor 
of Hya, whofe dominions he invaded in 1209, who at laft 
lubmitted to become his tributary. But in the mean 
time Gengis Khan himfelf was fuppofed to be tributary 
to the emperor of Kitay ; who, in 1210, fent him an offi¬ 
cer, demanding the cuftomary tribute. This was refufed 
with the utmoft indignation, and a war commenced, which 
ended not but with thediffolution of the empire of Kitay, 
as mentioned under the article China, vol. iv. 
In the year 12x6, Gengis Khan refolved to carry his 
arms weftward, and therefore left his general Muchuli to 
purfue his conquefts in Kitay. In his journey weftward 
lie overthrew an army of 300,000 Tartars who had re¬ 
volted againft him; and, in 1218, fent ambaffadors de¬ 
firing an alliance with Mohammed Charazm Shah, empe¬ 
ror of Gazna. His ambaffador w'as haughtily treated ; 
however, the alliance was concluded; but loon after 
broken, through the treachery, as it is faid, of the Cha- 
razmian monarch’s fubjects. This brought on a war at¬ 
tended with the moft dreadful devaftations, and which 
ended wdth the entire deftruftion of the empire of Cha¬ 
razm, or Gazna, as related under the article Hindoo- 
STAN. 
After the reduction of Charazm, part of the Moguls 
broke into Iran, or Perfia, where alfo they made large 
conquefts, while others of their armies invaded Georgia 
and the countries to the weft; all this time committing 
luch enormities, that the Chinefe hiftorians fay both men 
and fpirits burrt with indignation. In 1225, Gengis Khan 
returned to Hya, -where he made war on the emperor for 
having Iheltered fome of his enemies. The event was, 
that the emperor was llain, and his kingdom conquered, 
or rather deitroyed ; which, liow'ever, was the laft exploit 
of this moft cruel conqueror, wdio died in 1227, as he 
marched to complete the deftruftion of the Chinefe. See 
the article Hindoostan, vol. x. p. 17-20. 
The Mogul empire, at the death of Gengis Khan, ex¬ 
tended over a prodigious traft of country ; being more 
than 1800 leagues in length from eaft to weft, and up¬ 
wards of 1000 in breadth from north to fouth. Its 
princes, however, were ftill infatiable, and puflied on their 
conquefts on all Tides. Oktay was acknowledged emperor 
after Gengis Khan; and had under his immediate go¬ 
vernment Mogulftan (the country of the Moguls pro¬ 
perly fo called), Kitay, and the countries eaftward to the 
Tartarian Tea. Jagaty, his brother, governed under him 
a great part of the weftern conquefts. The country of the 
Kipjacks, and others to the eaft and north-eaft, north 
and north-weft, were governed by Batu or Patu the fon 
of Juji, who had been killed in the wars ; while Tuli or 
Toley, another fon of Gengis Khan, had Cliorafan, Per¬ 
fia, and what part of India was conquered. On the eaft 
fide the Mogul arms were ftill attended with fuccefs ; not 
only the empire of Kitay, but the fouthern part of China, 
was conquered, as already related under that article. On 
the weft fide matters continued much in the fame way 
till the year 1254, when Magu, or Menkho, the fourth 
khan of the Moguls, raifed a great army, which he gave 
to his brother Hulaku or Hulagu, to extend his domi¬ 
nions weftward. In 1255 he entered- Iran, where he 
fuppreffed the Iftnaelians or Affaffms, of whom an ac¬ 
count is given under the article Assassins, (vol. ii.) 
and two years afterwards he advanced to Bagdad, which 
he took, and cruelly put the caliph to death, treating the 
city with no more lenity than the Moguls ulually treated 
thofe which fell into their hands. Every thing xvas put 
to fire and fword ; and in the city and its neighbourhood 
the number of flain, it is faid, amounted to 1,600,000. 
The next year he invaded Syria; the city of Damafcus 
w'as delivered up, and, as it made no refiftance, the inha¬ 
bitants were fpared ; but, Aleppo being taken by ftorm, 
a greater daughter enfued there than had taken place at 
Bagdad, even the children in their cradles being mur¬ 
dered. Some cities of this country i-evolted the next 
year, or the year after ; but, falling again into the hands 
of the Moguls, they were plundered, and the inhabitants 
butchered without mercy, or carried into flavery. 
Hulaku died in 1264, and at his death we may fix the 
greateft extent of the Mogul empire. It now compre¬ 
hended the whole of the continent of Afia, excepting 
part of Hindooftan, Siam, Pegu, Cochin-china, and a few 
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