M O N 
MON'ARCHY, j. [from monarch.'] The government 
of afingle perfon. See Government and King.— While 
the monarchy flourilhed, thefe wanted not a proteftor. 
Atterbury's Sermons. —Kingdom ; empire : 
The firft that there did greet my ftranger foul, 
Was my great father-in-law, renowned Warwick, 
Who cried aloud, What fcourge for perjury 
Can this dark monarchy afford falfe Clarence ? Shakefpcare. 
The moll ancient monarchy was that of the Affyrians, 
which was founded loon after the deluge. We ufually 
reckon four grand or univerfal monarchies ; the Affyrian, 
Perfian, Grecian, and Roman; though St. Auguftine makes 
them but two ; viz. thofe of Babylon and of Rome. 
Belus is placed at the head of the feries of Affyrian kings 
who reigned at Babylon, and is by profane authors efteem- 
ed the founder of it, and by fome the fame whom the Scrip¬ 
tures call Nimrod. The principal Affyrian kings after 
Belus w'ere Ninus, who built Nineveh, and removed the 
feat of empire to it; Semiramis, who, difguifing her fex, 
took poffeffion of the kingdom inftead of her Ion, and 
was killed and fucceeded by her Ion Ninyas ; and Sarda- 
napalus, the laft of the Affyrian monarchs, and more ef¬ 
feminate than a woman. After his death the Affyrian 
empire was fplit into three feparate kingdoms, viz. the 
Median, Affyrian, and Babylonian. The firft king of the 
Median kingdom was Arbaces ; and this kingdom lafted 
till the time of Aftyages, who was fubdued and diverted 
of his kingdom by Cyrus. 
In the time of Cyrus there arofe a new and fecond mo¬ 
narchy called the Perfian, which ftood upwards of 200 
years, from Cyrus, wdiofe reign began A. M. 34-68, to Da¬ 
rius Codomannus, who was conquered by Alexander the 
Great, and the empire tranflated to the Greeks, A. M. 
3674.—The firft monarch was Cyrus, founder of the em¬ 
pire. 2. Cambyfes, the fon of Cyrus. 3. Smerdis. 4. 
Darius, the fon of Hyftafpes, who reigned 521 years be¬ 
fore Chrift. 5. Xerxes, who reigned 485 years before 
Chrift. 6. Artaxeres Longimanus, who reigned 464 years 
before Chrift. 7. Xerxes the fecond. 8. Ochus, or Da¬ 
rius, called Nothus, 424 years before Chrift. 9. Artax- 
erxes Mnemon, 405 years before Chrift. 10. Artaxerxes 
Ochus, 359 years before Chrift. 11. Arles, 338 years 
before Chrift. 12. Darius Codomannus, 336 years before 
Chrift, who was defeated by Alexander the Great, and 
deprived of his kingdom and life about 331 years before 
Chrift : the dominion of Perlia after his death was tranf- 
Jated to the Greeks. 
The third monarchy was the Grecian. As Alexander, 
when he died, did not declare who Ihould fucceed him, 
there ftartedup as many kings as there were commanders. 
At firft they governed the provinces that w'ere divided 
among them under the title of viceroys; but, when the 
.family of Alexander the Great was extinft, they took 
upon them the name of kings. Hence, in procefs of time, 
the whole empire of Alexander produced four diftindt 
kingdoms, viz. 1. The Macedonian ; the kings of which, 
after Alexander, were Antipater, Caffander, Demetrius 
Poliorcetes, Seleucus Nicanor, Meleager, Antigonus 
Dofon, Philip, and Perfeus, under whom the Macedonian 
kingdom was reduced to the form of a Roman province. 
2. The Aliatic kingdom, which upon the death of Alex¬ 
ander fell to Antigonus, comprehending that country 
now' called Natolia, together with fome other regions be¬ 
yond Mount Taurus. From this kingdom proceeded 
two fmaller ones, viz. that of Pergamus, whole laft king, 
Attalus, appointed the Roman people to be his heir; and 
Pontus, reduced by the Romans into the form of a pro¬ 
vince, when they had fubdued the laft king, Mithridates. 
3. The Syrian, of whole twenty-two kings the molt cele¬ 
brated were, Seleucus Nicanor, founder of the kingdom ; 
Antiochus Theus; Antiochus the Great; Antiochus 
Epiphanes ; and Tigranes, who was conquered by the 
Romans under Pompey, and Syria reduced into the form 
of a Roman province. 4. The Egyptian, which was 
M O N 643 
formed by the Greeks in Egypt, and flourilhed near 240 
years under twelve kings, the principal ofw’hom were, Pto¬ 
lemy Lagus, its founder ; Ptolemy Philadelphus, founder 
of the Alexandrian library ; and queen Cleopatra, who was 
overcome by Auguftus, in conlequence of which Egypt 
was added to the dominion of the Romans. 
The fourth monarchy was the Roman, which lafted 
244 years, from the building of the city until the time 
when the royal power was abrogated. The kings of Rome 
were Romulus, its founder; Numa Pompilius ; Tullus 
Hoftilius ; Ancus Martius ; Tarquinius Prifcus ; Servius 
Tullius, and Tarquin the Proud, who was banilhed, and 
with whom terminated the regal power ; but yet the Ro¬ 
man monarchy, i. e. “ foie government” over the whole 
of the knowm world, may be faid to have lafted 1229 years. 
See Empire, vol. vi. 
There leems in reality no neceffity to make the Medes, 
Perfians, and Greeks, lucceed to the whole pow r er of the 
Affyrians, to multiply the number of the monarchies. It 
was the fame empire ftill; and the feveral changes that 
happened in it did not conftitute different monarchies. 
Thus the Roman empire was fucceffively governed by 
princes of different nations, yet without any new monar¬ 
chy being formed thereby. Rome, therefore, may be faid 
to have immediately fucceeded Babylon in the empire of 
the world. This is the argument ufed by St. Auguftine, 
when he reckons the grand univerfal monarchies but two. 
Z'V// 7 (-MoNARCHY-iVeH, in the Englifti hiftory, w'ere a. 
fet of wrong-headed and turbulent enthuliafts who arofe 
in the time of Cromwell, and who expedted Chrift’s fud- 
den appearance upon earth to eftablifii a new kingdom ; 
and, adfing in confequence of this illufion, aimed at the 
fubverfion of all human government. 
MCNAR'DA, f. [named from the fubjedf of the next 
article.] In botany, a genus of the clafs diandria, order 
monogynia, natural order of verticillatas, (labiatse, Jujf.) 
Generic charadters—Calyx : perianthium one-leafed, tu¬ 
bular, cylindric, ftriated, with a five-toothed equal mouth, 
permanent. Corolla : unequal; tube cylindric, longer 
than the calyx; border ringent; upper lip ftraight, nar¬ 
row, linear, entire; lower lip reflex, broader, trifid ; mid¬ 
dle l’egment longer, narrower, emarginate ; lateral blunt. 
Stamina: filaments two, briftle-fiiaped, the length of the 
upperlip,in which they are involved; anthers compreffed, 
truncate at top, convex below, eredl. Piftillum : germ 
four-cleft; ftyle filiform, involved with the ftamens ; ftig- 
ma bifid, acute. Pericarp!um : none; calyx containing 
the feeds at the bottom. Seeds : four, roundifli.— Ejfen- 
tial Character. Corolla irregular; the upperlip linear' 
involving the filaments; ieeds four. There are eight 
fpecies. 
1. Monarda fiftulofa, or purple monarda: leaves ob¬ 
long-lanceolate, cordate, villofe, flat. Root perennial, 
compofed of many ftrong fibres, and fpreading far on 
every fide. Stems near three feet high, hairy and obtufe- 
angled ; they fend out two or four fmall iide-branches 
towards the top. Leaves oblong, broad at the bale, but 
terminating in acute points, hairy, a little indented on 
their edges, on lhort hairy footftalks. Stem and branches 
terminating by heads of purple flowers, which have a long 
involucre, compoled of five acute-pointed leaves. Seeds 
fmall, fubovate, turgidly lenticular, rufelcent, with two 
very fmall umbilical excavations, lying within the calyx, 
-which is doled at the mouth with hairs converging into 
five fcalelets. Native of Canada. Cultivated in 1656, by 
John Tradefcant, jun. It flow'ers from June to Auguft. 
2. Monarda oblongata, or long-leaved monarda : leaves 
oblong-lanceolate, rounded-attenuate at the bafa, villofe, 
flat. This differs from the preceding in having the leaves 
ovate at the bale and a little attenuated, and more villofe 
underneath; the calyxes Ihorter and more villofe at the 
edge, and the corollas fmaller. Native of North America. 
It flowers from July to September. 
3. Monarda didyma, fcarlet monarda, or Ofwego tea: 
leaves ovate, fmooth ; heads in whorls; flowers Jubdidy- 
namous j 
