692 M O N 
in the Levant who own only one nature in Jefus Chrift; 
and who maintain, that the divine and human nature of 
Chrift were fo united as to form only one nature, yet, 
without any change, confufion, or mixture, of the two 
natures. See Eutyches, vol. vii. 
The Monophyfites, however, properly fo called, are the 
followers of Severus, a learned monk of Paleltine, who 
was created patriarch of Antioch in 513, and of Petrus 
Fullenfis. They are fometimes called Severinus. 
The Monophyfites were encouraged by the emperor 
Anaftafius, but depreffed by Juftin and fucceeding em¬ 
perors. However, this feft was reftored by Jacob Bara- 
-daeus an obfcure monk, infomuch that when he died 
biihop of Edeffa, A. D. 588, he left it in a moll flourilh- 
jng ftate in Syria, Mefopotamia, Armenia, Egypt, Nubia, 
Abyflinia, and other countries. The laborious efforts of 
Jacob were feconded in Egypt and the adjacent countries, 
-by Theodofms biihop of Alexandria; and he became fo 
famous, that all the Monophyfites of the eaft coniidered 
liim as their fecond parent and founder, and are to this 
day called Jaeohites, in honour of their new chief. The 
Monophyfites are divided into two fefts or parties; the 
one African, the other Afiatic. At the head of the latter 
is the patriarch of Antioch, who refides for the molt part 
in the monaltery of St. Ananias, near the city of Merdin : 
the former are under the jurifdiftion of the patriarch of 
Alexandria, who generally refides at Grand Cairo, and 
are fubdivided into Cophts and AbylTinians. From the 
fifteenth century downwards, all the patriarchs of the 
Monophyfites have taken the name of Ignatius, in order 
to (liow that they are the lineal fucceffors of Ignatius, 
who was biihop of Antioch in the firft century, and con¬ 
sequently the lawful patriarch of Antioch. In the Seven¬ 
teenth century,, a Small body of the Monophyfites in 
Alia abandoned for Some time the doftrine and inftitu- 
tion of their anceftors, and embraced the communion of 
Rome : but the African Monophyfites, notwithftanding 
that poverty and ignorance which expofed them to the 
feduftions of fophiltry and gain, flood firm in their prin¬ 
ciples, and made an obllinate refillance to the promifes, 
prefents, and other means employed by the papal mis¬ 
sionaries to bring them under the Roman yoke: and, in 
the eighteenth century, thofe both of Alia and Africa 
perfilled in their, refufal to enter into the communion of 
.the Romilh church, notwithftanding the earned: entreaties 
and alluring offers that were made from time to time by 
the pope’s legates, to conquer their inflexible conftancy. 
The Monophyfites propagate their doctrine in Alia with 
zeal and afliduity, and have not long fince gained over 
to their communion a part of the Neltorians, who inhabit 
the maritime coafts of India. 
MONOP'IN, a mountain on the weft coaft of the illand 
-of Banca. Lat. 2. 3. S. Ion. 105. 18. E. 
MONOPLE'GIA, [//.ot-oc, and srMzau, to ftrike.] A 
pain in the head, aftefting one particular part only. 
MONOP'OLI, a town of Naples, in the province of 
Bari, on the coaft of the Adriatic ; the fee of a biihop, im¬ 
mediately under the pope. It contains fix churches, and 
nine convents : 144 miles eaft of Naples, and twenty-two 
miles eaft-fouth-eaft of Bari. Lat. 41. 8. N. Ion. 17. 19. E. 
MONOP'OLIST, f. [monopoleur, Fr. Our own word 
was formerly monopoler ; then monopolizer.] One who by 
engrofling or patent obtains the foie power or privilege 
of vending any commodity: 
Joy is an import; joy is an exchange; 
Joy flies monopolifts ; It calls for two. Young. 
To MONOP'OLIZE, v. a. To engrofs fo as to have the 
Sole power or privilege of vending any commodity.—He 
has luch a prodigious trade, that, if there is not Some flop 
put, he will monopolize ; nobody will fell a yard of dra¬ 
pery, or mercery ware, but himlelf. Arburthnot. 
MON- 9 P'OLIZER, f. A monopolift.—Merchants have 
been prohibited to unlade their goods in fuch ports as 
.were for their own advantage, and forced to bring them 
M O N 
to thefe places which were moll for the advantages of the 
monopolizers and projectors. Wclwood's Memoirs. 
MONOP'OLY, f. [from the Gr. povos, Angle, and 
to fell.] The exclufive privilege of felling any commodity. 
—Shakefpeare rather writ happily than knowingly and 
juftly; and Jonfon, who, by ftudying Horace, had been 
acquainted with the rules, yet feemed to envy to pof- 
terity that knowledge, and to make a monopoly of his 
learning. Dryden's Juvenal. 
How could he anfwer, fhould the ftate think fit 
To queftion a monopoly of wit ? Cowley. 
Monopoly, ftriftly fpeaking, in the language of the 
law, is very fimilar to engrossing: the latter is the aft 
of buying up corn and other provifions, for the purpofe 
of felling them again; the former is the fame offence, 
extended to other branches of trade: both are fuppofed 
to be done for the purpofe of gaining the entire com¬ 
mand of the market, and by this means railing the prices 
of the commodities engrafted or monopolifed. 
Monopoly is alfo a term applied to “ a licence or pri¬ 
vilege allowed by the king, for the lole buying, felling, 
making, working, and ufing, of any thing whatfoever, 
whereby the lubjeft is reftrained from that liberty of ma- 
nufafturing or trading which he had before.” Thefe li¬ 
cences and privileges, in all defpotic governments, have 
been made ufe of to favour and enrich individuals; or, 
by the fale of them, to contribute to the wants of the 
fovereign : and even in freer governments, ignorant of 
the real mode of promoting induftry and enriching the 
people, licences and privileges of this kind have been too 
frequently granted, on the erroneous idea that their com¬ 
merce lhould be follered and protefted in its infancy. 
The engrofling or monopoly of corn and provifions is 
an offence at common law, and is deferibed by ftatute 5 
and 6 Edvv. VI. c. 14. By this ftatute, the penalty is the 
forfeiture of the goods or their value, and two months 
imprifonment, for the firft offence; double value, and fix 
months imprifonment, for the fecond ; and for the third, 
the offender to forfeit all his goods, to be fet in the pil¬ 
lory, and imprifoned at the king’s pleafure. 
Monopoly, as a fubjeft in political economy, may be 
coniidered under three points of view. In the firft place, 
the prafticability of the alleged crime of getting into one’s 
polfeflion, or buying up, all, or fuch a quantity of, any 
commodity as will give the command of the market, and 
confequently of the price. In the fecond place, the mo¬ 
nopoly, which by patent is given for a term of years, to 
the authors of new and ufeful inventions .- the propriety 
and policy of this kind of monopoly afford ample room 
for difcufllon ; of courfe, if this kind of monopoly were 
to be fet alide, fome other mode of rewarding the authors 
of new inventions, lefs objeftionable, mull be fuggelled. 
See Letters patent, vol. xii. In the third place, that 
fpecies of monopoly, wherein a government grants either 
to a body of men, which fecures them any particular 
trade, or to the nation at large, by which the colonial 
trade is not fuffered to be touched by any foreign nation. 
As to the firft part of the enquiry, Smith’s opinion re- 
fpefting engrofling and foreftalling is well known. The 
popular fear refpefting them he compares to the popular 
terrors and lulpicions of witchcraft; and he concludes by 
obferving, that the law which lhould reftore entire free¬ 
dom to the inland trade of corn would probably prove as 
elfeftual to put an end to the popular fears of engrofling 
and foreftalling as the law which put an end to all profe- 
cutions for witchcraft deftroyed the fear and fufpicion of 
it, by taking away the great caufe which encouraged and 
lupported them. Indeed, when we confider the nume¬ 
rous and great' obftacles and difficulties which mull lie in 
the way of every perfon who attempts to get into his pof- 
leflion the whole or the greater part of any commodity; 
the immenfe capital or credit which he mull poflefs ; the 
confidence he mull place on the integrity of his agents, 
and the reliance he mail have on their lkiil and judg¬ 
ment 5 
