M A C E D O N. 
©rdered to take the field without delay. Two thonfand 
Spartans, under the command of Eudamidas, were ordered 
into Macedon, while a powerful reinforcement under the 
command of Phcebidas, brother to the general, was or¬ 
dered to follow him as foon as poflible. By accident, 
Phcebidas and his auxiliaries were detained till the fea- 
ion for aftion was part; but Eudamidas with his fmall 
army performed very eflenlial fervice. The appearance 
of a Spartan army at once encouraged the fubje&s and 
allies of the Olynthians to revolt; and the city of Poti- 
daea, a place of great importance in the ilthmus of Pal- 
lene, furrendered foon after his arrival in the country. 
Being too much elated with his fuccefs, however, Euda- 
inidas approached fo near the city of Olynthus, that he 
■was unexpectedly attacked, defeated, and killed, in a fally 
of the citizens. He was fucceeded by Teleutias the bro¬ 
ther of Agefilaus, who had under his command a body of 
10,000 men, and was farther aflifted by Amyntas king of 
Macedon, and Derdas his brother, the governor or fove- 
reign of the molt wefterly province of Macedon, which 
abounded in cavalry. By thefe formidable enemies the 
Olynthians were defeated in a number of battles, obliged 
to (hut themfelves up in their city, and prevented from 
cultivating their territory ; on which Teleutias advanced 
with his whole force to invert the city itfelf. His excef- 
five eagernefs to deltroy his enemies proved his ruin. A 
body of Olynthian liorfe had the boldnefs to pafs the ri¬ 
ver Amnias in fight of the allied army, though fo much 
fuperior in number. Teleutias ordered his targeteers to 
attack them. The Olynthians, having retreated acrofs 
the river, were clofely purfued by the Lacedemonians, 
great part of whom alfo parted the river; but the Olyn¬ 
thians fuddenly turned upon them, and killed about one 
hundred, with Tlemonidas their leader. Teleutias, ex- 
afperated at this difafter, ordered the remainder of the 
targeteers and cavalry to purfue; while he himfelf ad¬ 
vanced at the head of the heavy-armed foot with fuch ce¬ 
lerity that they began to fall into diforder. The Olyn¬ 
thians allowed them to proceed ; and the Lacedemonians 
very imprudently advanced juft under the towers and bat¬ 
tlements of the city. The townfmen then mounted the 
walls, and difcharged upon them a fliower of darts, ar¬ 
rows, and other miflile weapons, while the flower of the 
Olynthian troops, who had been purpofely ported behind 
the gates, fallied forth and attacked them with great vio¬ 
lence. Teleutias, attempting to rally his men, was flam 
in the firftonfet; the Spartans who attended him were 
defeated, and the whole army at laft dil'perfed with great 
ilaughter, and obliged to (helter themfelves in the towns 
of Acanthus, Apollonia, Spartolus, and Potidaea. 
The Spartans, undifmayed by this terrible difafter, next 
Pent their king Agefipolis with a powerful reinforcement 
into Macedon. His prefence greatly raifed the fpirits of 
the Lacedaemonian allies, and his rapid fuccefs feemed to 
promife a fpeedy termination to the war, when he himfelf 
died of a calenture. He was fucceeded in the throne by 
his brother Cleombrotus, and in the command of the 
army by Polybiades an experienced general, who likewife 
brought with him a powerful reinforcement. Olynthus 
■was now completely blocked up by land, while a fquadron 
of Lacedemonian galleys blocked up the neighbouring 
harbour of Myceberna. The Olynthians, however, held 
out for nine or ten months, but at laft were obliged to 
fubmit on very humiliating conditions. They formally 
renounced all claim to the dominion of Chalcis; they 
ceded the Macedonian cities to their ancient governor; 
and in confequence of this Amyntas left the city of 
jSEgrea or Edella, where till now he had held his royal re- 
fidence, and fixed it at Pella, a city of great ftrength and 
beauty, fituated on an eminence, which, together with a 
plain of confiderable extent, was defended by impaflable 
morafl'es, and by the rivers Axius and Lydias. It was 
diftant about fifteen miles from the ASgean Sea, with 
which it communicated by means of the above-mentioned 
rivers. It was originally founded by the Greeks, who 
bad lately conquered and peopled it j but, in confequence 
Vol. XIII. No. 953. 
17 
of the misfortunes of Olynthus, it now became the capital 
of Macedon, and continued ever after to be fo. 
Amyntas, thus fully eftablilhed in his dominions, con¬ 
tinued to enjoy tranquillity during the remaining part of 
his life. The reign of his fon Alexander II. was (hort, 
and difturbed by invafions of the Illyrians; from whom 
he was obliged to purchafe a peace. He left behind him 
two brothers, Perdiccas and Philip, both very young; fo 
that Paufanias again found means to ufurp the throne, 
being fupported not only by the Thracians, but a confi¬ 
derable number of Greek mercenaries, as well as a pow¬ 
erful party in Macedon itfelf. In this critical juncture, 
however, Iphicrates the Athenian, happening to be on an 
expedition to Amphipolis, was addrefled by Eurydice the 
widow of Amyntas, fo warmly in behalf of her two fons, 
whom fhe presented to him, that he interefted himfelf in 
their behalf, and got Perdiccas the eldeft eftablilhed on 
the throne. He was induced alfo to this piece of genero- 
fity by the kindnefs which Eurydice and her hulband had 
formerly fliown to himfelf; and he likewife faw the advan¬ 
tages which mult enfue to his country from a connexion 
with Macedon. 
On the death of Perdiccas III. as related under Greece, 
vol. viii. p. 910. the kingdom was left in the molt de¬ 
plorable ftate. Amyntas, the molt proper heir to the 
throne, was an infant; the Thebans, in whom Perdiccas 
had placed fo much confidence, were deprived of the fo- 
vereignty of Greece ; the Athenians, juftly provoked at 
the ungrateful behaviour of the late monarch, (howed a 
holtile difpofition ; the Illyrians ravaged the weft, and the 
Paeonians the north, quarter of the kingdom ; the Thra¬ 
cians ftill fupported the caufe of Paufanias, and propofed 
to fend him into Macedon at the head of a numerous ar¬ 
my; while Argaeus, the former rival of Amyntas, renewed 
his pretenfions to the throne, and, by flattering the Athe¬ 
nians with the hopes of recovering Amphipolis, eafily in¬ 
duced them tofupport his claims; and in confequence of 
this they fitted out a fleet, having on-board 3000 heavy¬ 
armed foldiers, which they fent to the coaft of Ma¬ 
cedon. 
Philip, the late king’s brother, no fooner heard of his 
defeat and death, than he fet out privately from Thebes ; 
and on his arrival in Macedon found matters in the fitua- 
tion we have juft defcribed. Fifed with an infatiable 
ambition, it is very probable that from the very firft mo¬ 
ment he had refolved to feize the kingdom for himfelf j 
yet it was neceffary at firft to pretend that he affumed the 
throne only to preferve it for his nephew. Philip for a 
long time part had remained in fuch obfcurity, that hifto- 
rians difagree as to his place of refidence; fome placing 
him in Thebes, and others in Macedon. It is certain, 
however, that from the age of fifteen he had been very 
much in the family of Epaminondas, from whofe leflons 
he could not but derive the greateft advantage. It is 
probable alfo that he attended this celebrated general in 
many of his expeditions; and it is certain, that, with an 
attendance fuitable to his rank, he vifited moft of the 
principal republics, and fhowed an attention to their in- 
ftitutions, both civil and military, far fuperior to his years. 
Having eafy accefs to whomfoever he pleafed, he culti¬ 
vated the friendlhip of the firft people in Greece. Even 
in Athens, where no good will fubfirted with Macedon, 
the philosophers Plato, Ifocrates, and Arirtotle, cultivated 
his acquaintance; and the connexion he formed with the 
principal leaders of that republic in the early period of 
his life, no doubt, contributed greatly to the accomplifli- 
ment of the defigns in which he afterwards proved fo fuc- 
cefsful. His appearance in Macedon inftantly changed 
the face of affairs; the Macedonian army, though defeated, 
was not entirely deftroyed; and the remainder of them fe- 
cured themlelves in the fortreffes which had been built 
by Archelaus. There were alfo confiderable garrifons in 
the fortreffes, and walled towns fcattered over the king¬ 
dom; and the Illyrians who had made war only for the 
fake of plunder, foon returned home to enjoy the fruits of 
their vi&ory. His other enemies, the Thracians and Pso- 
F jiians. 
