24 MAC] 
In the mean time the Perfians had aflembled a great army 
an Phrygia ; among whom was one Memnon a Rhodian, 
the bell officer in the fervice of Darius. Alexander, as 
foon as he had performed all the ceremonies which hejudged 
r.eceffary, marched diredlly towards the enemy. Memnon 
gave it as his opinion, that they fliould burn and deltroy 
all the country round, that they might deprive the Greeks 
of the means of fubfifling, and then tranfport a part of 
their army into Macedon. But the Perfians, depending 
on their cavalry, rejected this falutary advice ; and polled 
themfelves along the river Granicus, in order to wait the 
arrival of Alexander. In the engagement which happened 
on the banks of that river, the Perfians were defeated, 
(fee the article Greece, vol. viii. p. 936, 7.) 3nd Alex¬ 
ander became matter of all the neighbouring country ; 
which he immediately began to take care of, as if it had 
been part of his hereditary dominions. The city of Sardis 
was immediately delivered up; and here Alexander built 
a temple to Jupiter Olympius. After this, he reftored the 
Ephefians to their liberty; ordered the tribute which they 
formerly paid to the Perfians to be applied towards the 
rebuilding the magnificent temple of Diana ; arid, having 
fettled the affairs of the city, marched againft Miletus. 
This place was defended by Memnon with a confiderable 
body of troops-who had fled thither after the battle of 
Granicus, and therefore made a vigorous refidance. The 
fortune of Alexander, however, prevailed ; and the city 
was foon reduced, though Memnon with part of the troops 
efcaped to Halicarnaflus. After this, the king difmifled 
his fleet, for which various reafons have been affigned ; 
though it is probable, that the chief one was to lhow his 
army that their only refource now was in fubverting the 
Perfian empire. 
Almoft all the cities between Miletus and Halicarnaflus 
fubmitted as foon as they heard that the former was taken ; 
but Halicarnaflus, where Mepmon commanded with a 
very numerous garrifon, made an obltinate defence. 
Nothing, however, was able to refill the Macedonian 
army. Memnon was at laft obliged to abandon the place ; 
upon which Alexander took and razed the city of Tralles 
in Phrygia 5 received the fubmiflion of feveral princes tri¬ 
butary to the Perfians; and having deftroyed the Mar- 
inarians, a people of Lycia who had fallen upon the rear 
of his army, put an end to the campaign ; after which 
he fent home all the new-married men ; in obedience, it 
■would feem, to a precept of the Mofaic law ; and which 
endeared him more to liis foldiers than any other action 
of his life. 
As foon as the feafon would permit, Alexander quitted 
the province of Phafelus ; and, having fent part of his army 
through the mountainous country to Perga, by a lhort but 
difficult road, took his route by a certain promontory, 
where the w'ay is altogether impaflable, except when the 
north winds blow. At the time of the king’s march the 
foilth wind had held for a long time ; but of a fudden it 
changed, and blew from the north fo violently, that, as 
he and his followers declared, they obtained a fafe and 
nafy paffage through the Divine affiftance. By many this 
inarch is held to be miraculous, and compared to that of 
the children of Ifrael through the Red Sea ; while, on the 
other hand, it is the opinion of others, that there was no¬ 
thing at all extraordinary in it. He continued his march 
towards Gordium, a city of Phrygia; the enemy having 
abandoned the flrong pafs of Telmilfus, through which 
it was neceflary for him to march. Having left Gordium, 
be marched towards Cilicia; where he was attended with 
his ufual good fortune, the Perfians abandoning all the 
ltrong pafles as he advanced. As foon as he entered the 
province, he received advice that Arfames, whom Darius 
had made governor of Tarfus, was about to abandon it; 
and that the inhabitants were very apprehenfive that he 
intended to plunder them before he withdrew. To pre¬ 
vent this, the king marched inceffantly, and arrived juft 
hi time to lave the city. But his faving it had well nigh 
coft him his life ; for, either through the exccflive fatigue 
: D O N. 
of marching, as fome fay, or, according to others, by his 
plunging when very hot into the river Cydnus, which, as 
it runs through thick fliades, has its waters exceflively 
cold, he fell into fuch a diftemper as threatened his im¬ 
mediate dilfolution. His army loll their fpirits immedi¬ 
ately ; the generals knew not what to do ; and his phyfi- 
cians were fo much affrighted, that the fear of his death 
hindered them from ufing the neceflary methods for pre- 
ferving his life. Philip the Acarnanian alone preferved 
temper enough to examine the nature of the king’s dif- 
eafe ; the worll fymptom of which was a continual waking, 
and which he took off by means of a potion, and in a lhort 
time the king recovered his ufual health. 
Soon after Alexander’s recovery, he received the agree¬ 
able news that Ptolemy and Aiander had defeated the 
Perfian generals, and made great conquefts on the Hellef- 
pont: a little after that, he met the Perfian army at Ilfus, 
commanded by Darius himfelf. A bloody engagement 
enl’ued, in which the Perfians were defeated with great 
flaughter, as related under the article Greece, p. 939. 
The confequences of this victory were very advantageous 
to the Macedonians. Many governors of provinces and 
petty princes fubmitted themfelves to the conqueror; and 
fuch as did fo were treated, not as a newly-conquered 
people, but as his old hereditary fubjefls; being neither 
burdened with foldiers noroppreffed with tribute. Among 
the number of thofe places which, within a lhort fpace 
after the battle of Iffus, fent deputies to fubmit to the 
conqueror, was the city of Tyre. The king, whofe name 
was Azelmicus, was abfent in the Perfian fleet; but his 
fon was among the deputies, and was very favourably re¬ 
ceived by Alexander. The king probably intended to 
confer particular honours on the city of Tyre ; for he ac¬ 
quainted the inhabitants that he would come and facri- 
fice to the Tyrian Hercules, the patron of their city, 
to whom they had ere« 5 led a mod magnificent tem¬ 
ple. But thele people, like moft other trading nations, 
were too fufpicious to think of admitting fuch an enter- 
prifing prince with his troops within their walls. They 
fent therefore their deputies again to him, to inform him, 
that they were ready to do whatever he fliould command 
them ; but, as to his coming and facrificing in their city, 
they could not confent to that, but were pofitively deter¬ 
mined not to admit a Angle Macedonian within their 
gates. Alexander immediately difmifled their deputies 
in great difpleafure. He then aflembled a council of war, 
wherein he infilled ftrongly on the dilaffefted ftate of 
Greece (for moft of the Grecian dates had fent ambr.fia- 
dors to Darius, to enter into a league with him againft 
the Macedonians), the power of the Perfians by fea, and 
the folly of carrying on the war in diftant provinces, while 
Tyre was left unreduced behind them : he alfo remarked,, 
that, if once this city was fubdued, the fovereignty of the 
fea would be transferred to them, becaufe it would fix 
their poffeffion of the coafts ; and, as the Perfian fleet was 
compofed chiefly of tributary fquadrons, thofe tributaries 
would fight the battles, not of their late but of their pre- 
fent matters. For thefe reafons the fiege of Tyre was re- 
folved on. The town was not taken, however, without 
great difficulty ; which provoked Alexander to fuch a de¬ 
gree, that he treated the inhabitants with thegreatelt cru¬ 
elty. See Greece, p. 940, 1. 
After the reduction of Tyre, Alexander, though the 
feafon was already far advanced, refolved to make an ex¬ 
pedition into Syria; and in his way thither propofed to 
chaftife the Jews, who had highly offended him during 
the fiege of Tyre; for, when he lent to them to demand 
provifions for his foldiers, they anfwered, That they were 
the fubjefts of Darius, and bound by oath not to fupply 
his enemies. The king, however, was pacified by their 
fubmiflion ; and not only pardoned them, but conferred 
many privileges upon them. See Jew, vol. x. p. 793. and 
the articles there referred to. 
From Jerufalem Alexander marched direftly to Gaza, 
the only place in that part of the world which ftill held 
2 out 
/ 
