78 M A D 
branches (apering and fubdivided ; ftars crowded, blind, 
and ciliate. Inhabits Africa and India. 
95. Madrepora verrucofa: very much branched 5 the 
branches are obtufe, and furnifhcd with numerous Am¬ 
pler wart-like fub-divifions; ftars fcattered, crowded, and 
-ciliate. \ 
90. Madrepora muricata : compofite and fub-imbricate, 
v-ith obliquely-truncate prominent afcending ftars. There 
are fix varieties of this fpecies, viz. 1. With long pointed 
branches, and without (mailer fub-divifions. 2. With di¬ 
varicate branches, and (hart divergent pointed fub-divi¬ 
fions. 3. With afcending ftraight branches and fub-di¬ 
vifions. 4. With decumbent lower branches, and afcend¬ 
ing ftiort acute fub-divifions. 5. Branches united into a 
palm at the bafe, with divergent fub-divifions. 6. With 
numerous divergent branches and fub-divifions; cylinders 
of ftars turbinate, with thickened rounded margins. In¬ 
habits India and South America. See the fame Engrav¬ 
ing, fig. 27. 
97. Madrepora faftigiata : ftars decorticated outwardly. 
Inhabits South America ; is white, and nearly a foot high. 
98. Madrepora ramea : branches ftriate, cylindrical, 
truncate, with terminal ftars. It is found in the Indian, 
Mediterranean, and Atlantic, Seas ; about two feet high'; 
Bony, ferruginous, and marked with fine longitudinal 
ftria:, fome of which are undulate. 
99. Madrepora oeulata : tubular, glabrous, flexuous, 
obliquely ftriate, with alternate branches and concave 
ftars pointing two ways. Inhabits the Indian Ocean, and 
is found in European countries in a foftil ftate. 
100. Madrepora Virginea: fub-dichotomous, ftraight, 
folid, with alternate eminent ftars. Inhabits the Medi¬ 
terranean, American, and Norway, Seas ; it is milk-white, 
and about the thicknefs of one’s finger. 
101. Madrepora rofea: of a rofe colour, much branch¬ 
ing, with numerous prominent margined ftars. It inha¬ 
bits the Indian Ocean, and is about four inches high. 
102. Madrepora hirtella: ftars every-where alternate, 
prominent, with exlerted acute gills. Inhabits the In¬ 
dian Ocean. 
103. Madrepora limitata: branches _a little flattened, 
Yvith fcattered fix-rayed ftars, equal at the margin. 
304. Madrepora botryoides : with thick, faftigiate, ob¬ 
tufe, clultered, branches, and reticulate craggy undula¬ 
tions. 
105. Madrepora granofa : a little branching, crefted, 
and lomewhat fingered ; branches obtufe; all the undula¬ 
tions acutely carinate ; ftars linear and irregular. 
106. Madrepora prolifera : fub-dichotomous, coalefcing, 
with ftars at the fide proliferous, terminal, concave. This 
is an inhabitant of the Norway Sea. It is white and very 
folid ; the Itars are funnel-formed with about eight gills. 
See fig. 28. 
107. Madrepora feriata : branching, with fubulate fub- 
divifions and (tar-like pores in longitudinal rows. Inha¬ 
bits the Eaftern Ocean. It is white, ftony, about the 
fize of a large quill, and nearly a foot high. See fig. 29. 
a piece of this coral, cut off at a, is (hown magnified at 
fig. 30. . 
108. Madreporacaftus: with comprefled divergent dicho¬ 
tomous branches, carinate at the edge ; the fides with con- 
■ iguous-ftars. It is found foftil in Arabia ; is about a 
foot high; the branches are a little ereft, and in tranfverfe 
rows. 
109. Madrepora corymbofa: branches of the corymb 
thick at the tip, and marked with prickly ftriae; ftars ter¬ 
minal, and folitary. The branches are as thick as a fin¬ 
ger; the ftars are an inch wide. 
no. Madrepora gemmafcens : with prominent, obconic, 
bud-like, ftars. It inhabits the Indian Ocean; and is 
fnowy-white. 
in. Madrepora problematica: with oblique, minute, 
in.iweffed, diftant,' ftars, and broad pundlured margin. 
j_ found about the Antilles iftands ; it is, ftony, rough, 
iea-'g-rcen, fometimes as thick as a iiiau’s arm, and lull 
M A D 
five feet high ; the Interftices of the ftars are marked witfi 
lines. 
212. jyiadrepora fyuria : (lightly branched and dicho¬ 
tomous, with cylindrical tubes filled with fmall irreo'u- 
larly-difpofed longitudinal divifions. 
113. Madrepora infundibuliformis j turbinate, ftriate, 
funnel-formed, with flightly-proininent ftars within. In! 
habits the Indian Ocean ; white and folid. 
114. Madrepora angulofa: dichotomous, faftigiate, with 
terminal turbinate angular ftars, and toothed gills. Inha¬ 
bits the American Seas ; is (hort, thick, cellular, fmooth, 
and white. 
115. Madrepora difcoides: dific-fhaped, fomewhat pe¬ 
dunculate, and rcughifii, with marginal fafciculate ftars. 
Found in the Indian Ocean. 
116. Madrepora chalcidicum : with prominent remote 
cylindrical tubes of ftars, lamellate without and within. 
It is found in the Red Sea. 
117. Madrepora concamerata : flat, with remote ftars, 
a little prominent at the margin ; the interftices lamellate. 
It is found in a foftil ftate. 
118. Madrepora rofacea s furnifhed with a ftem, and 
branched ; the fmaller branches are cylindrical, afcending} 
ftars terminal. It is fometimes rofy, fometimes white, and 
fometimes grey. Solander and Ellis's Zoophytes. 
MAD'REPORE-STO'NE. See Crcta, under the article 
Mineralogy. 
MADRET', a town of Arabia, in the province of Ye¬ 
men : ten miles north-eaft of Chamir. 
MADRID', a town of New Caftile in Spain, and capital 
of the whole kingdom, though it never had the title of a 
city, (Ency. Brit.) is fituated tn lat. 40. 26. N. Ion. 3. 5. W. 
It (lands in the centre of a large plain, furrounded with 
mountains, and in the very heart of Spain, on the banks 
of the little river Manzanares, which is always very low 
and (hallow, except when fweiled by the melting of the 
fnow on the mountains. 
The origin of this town is not fatisfaftorjly afcertained. 
Some pretend that it was founded by the Greeks, wh6 
never penetrated fo far into Spain : others (ay, that it was 
tire ancient Mantua Carpetanorum. It was at firft: known, 
however, by the palace, or pleafure-houfe, poffeffed here 
by the kings of Caftile ; and the foundation of the town 
is faid to have been laid by Alphonfo, the fixth of Leon 
and firft of Caftile, who reigned at the end of the eleventh 
century. We find that it was facked by the Moors in 
1169; and that it was overthrown by an earthquake to'- 
wards the middle of the fourteenth century, under the 
reign of Peter the Cruel, and rebuilt by Henry II. the 
fucceffor of that prince. Charles I. felefted it for the 
place of his refidence, which occafioned its increafe from 
fmall beginnings; and his fon, Philip II. transferred the 
feat of government to it in 1563. Its firft limits were very 
narrow, and not extended beyond the vicinity of the 
king’s palace; but in procefs of time it was enlarged by 
the addition of feveral fuburbs. 
The city is in general well laid out; the ftreets are very 
handfome; and the houfes fair and lofty, but built of 
brick, with lattice-windows, excepting thofe of the rich, 
who have glafs in their windows ; only, during the Cum¬ 
mer heats-, they ufe gauze, or fome fuch thin (tuff, inftead 
of it, to let in the frefli air. There are two (lately bridges 
over the Manzanares 1 , with many magnificent churches, 
convents, hofpitals, and palaces. The royal palace, which 
ftands on the weft fide of the town, on an eminence, is 
fpacious and magnificent, confuting of three courts, and 
commanding a fine profpedt. Aimoft all the ftreets of 
Madrid are ftraight, wide, clean, and well paved. Thfe 
largeft and molt frequented are the ftreet of Alcala, that 
of Atocha, that of Toledo, and the Calk Grande, or Great 
Street. Madrid has alfo feveral fquares, which in general 
are not very regular. The.principal are thofe of San Joa<- 
chim,-Sol, La(ganitas, San Domingo, La Cevado,. and the 
Plaza Mayor. The latter tfpeeially deferves notice for 
its Ipatioufncfs-and regularity, and the elegant and lofty 
houfes. 
