M A L 
Damietta, to fuperintend fimilar labours. Thence he 
marched againft the Turks, who had dilembarked at Lef- 
beh. He was prefent at the battles of Heliopolis and Co¬ 
ra i in, and at the fiege of Cairo. He then went to build 
Benilouef Saioum, a fort intended to preferve the com¬ 
munication between the Delta and Upper Egypt. When 
he returned to Cairo, he contributed to fortify that city 
againft three great armies that were marching againft it. 
Finally, he embarked at Aboukir, in the Britifti tranfport 
the Caftor, and arrived in the roads of Marfeilles on the 
14-th of October, j8oi. 
Soon after his return to France, M. Malus made him- 
felf known to the French Inftitute, by a work in which 
he treated, in the moft general and rigorous manner, all 
the queftioias in optics that depend upon geometry alone. 
This production drew the attention of philofophers to a 
phenomenon which had occupied Newton and Huygens ; 
that of double refraElion. The Inftitute conceived the hope 
of feeing this remarkable phenomenon, which had em¬ 
ployed the greatelt geniufes without a fatisfaflory expla¬ 
nation, better underltood. It was made the fubjeft of a 
prize: this prize was gained by M. Malus, who fhowed 
that, befides mathematical knowledge, which he had dif- 
played in his firft work, he poffeffed the patience, the ad- 
drefs, and the fagacity, which conftitute a great philofo- 
pher. By delicate experiments, hedifcovered in light re¬ 
markable properties either wholly unknown before, or 
which had not been exhibited in fo clear a point of view. 
This fuccefs caufed him to be defied a member of the 
Inftitute. He fucceeded a philofopher whofe name has 
been immortalized by a brilliant difcovery (Montgolfier). 
In 1804. he was made a member of the Legion of Honour, 
and fub-direftor of the fortifications of Antwerp. In 1809 
he was made fub-direfior of barracks in the department of 
the Seine: in 1810, member of the committee of fortifi¬ 
cations, and major of engineers. In 1811 he was lecond 
commander and director of the ftudiCS of the Polytechnic 
School, in which for fome years he had fulfilled, to the 
fatisfaftion of the fuperiors and of the pupils, the fevere 
duties of examiner. His different occupations did not 
prevent him from continuing thofe fine experiments upon 
which his reputation is founded, and for which he had 
received the gold medal given every other year by the 
Royal Society of London to the philofopher who has 
made the moft ftriking difcovery refpefting light or heat. 
The activity of Malus enabled him to difcharge his duty 
in all thefe different employments. Though he ftill car¬ 
ried about him the feeds of that cruel difeafe which was 
lo foon to deprive the fcientific world of his affiftance, he 
fcarcely permitted a month, or even a week, to pafs with- 
out laying before the Inftitute fome new fruit of his re- 
fearches. When his health no longer permitted him to 
attend the meetings of that body, one of his friends ftill 
continued to relate the refult of his labours ; but his dif¬ 
eafe made fuch rapid progrefs, that fcarcely was his illnefs 
known before it became certain that he could not recover. 
He was affiicled with continual pains, without ever mak¬ 
ing the flighted complaint, or teftifying the fmalleft fign 
of impatience. Even when enfeebled by a long want of 
deep, and incapable of all application, he deceived him- 
lelf refpefting the date of his health. He fpoke of new 
arrangements, which would be required in confequence of 
his having been appointed to the place of director, a fitua- 
tiori which at firft he had only filled ad interim ; and oc¬ 
cupied himfelf in contriving new plans for the future, 
when his health fiiould be reltored. He died on the 24th 
of February, 1812. Moniteur, Jan. 16, 1814. 
MALUTA'YA, a fmall ifland in the Sea of Mindoro; 
lat. 11. iz. N. Ion. 120. 52. E. 
MAL'WA, a province of Hindooftan, belonging to 
the Mahrattas, one of the molt extenfive, moft elevated, 
and diverlified, in Hindooftan; bounded on the north by 
Agimere and Agra, on the ealt by Allahabad, on the 
fouth by Candeilh, and on the weft by Guzerat. It is 
now ruled in fovereignty by Dowlut Rao, nephew and 
Vol. XIV. No. 970. 
M A M $33 
fuecefforof the late Madajee Scindia. -See the article Hiw- 
doostan, vol. x. p. 78. The noble river Nar.'.ada, or 
Nerbudah, waflies it on the fouth, dividing it from the 
province of Candeilh. The Chumbul on the north-welt 
divides it from Agimeer and Guzerat. On the fouth-enft 
it joins the dominions of the rajah of Berar, and on the 
north-eaft the Britifh territories under the government of 
Bengal. Malwa may be roundly eftimated at about 350 
miles in length, and nearly as much in breadth. This 
foubuh is very temperate in refpeft of climate, its capirat 
city, Otigein, nearly centrally fituated, being juft within 
the northern tropic. It is well watered, having, befides 
numberlefs lakes and fmaller ftreams, the rivers Sipera, 
Kalifind, Neem, and Narmada, flowing through it. It is 
an elevated region ; and is very productive in grain and 
fruit, including wheat and grapes. Here are feveral no¬ 
ble cities and flourifhing towns, of which Ougein, Gur- 
rah Mandla, Chandery, Bopal, Manduah, Dhar, and Na- 
derbar, may be reckoned the chief. In the Ayee.o Ak= 
bery, Ougein is ftated, on the perfonal knowledge of the 
author of that work, to have contained, when he vifited 
it in 1596, 360 Hindoo temples. Chandery is deferibed 
as having 14,000 ftone houfes, 384 markets, 360 caravan- 
ferais, and 12,000 mofques. Its military itrength is alfo 
very highly rated. For further particulars, lee Maiirat- 
tas, in this vol. p. 146, 7. and the article Hindoostan. 
MALVVAL'LY, an ifiand in the Ealtern Indian Sea, 
about fifteen miles in circumference. It contains two 
good harbours. Lat. 7. o. N. Ion. 115. 20. E. 
MALX, a river of Brandenburg, which runs into the 
Spree five miles weft of Peitz. 
MALZIEU', a town of France, in the department of 
the Lozere : five miles north-north-eaft of St. Chely, and 
twenty-one north-north-welt of MenJe. 
MAM TOR', or Mother Rock, a mountain in Der^ 
bylhire, with lead-mines underneath it. See the article 
Derbyshire, vol. v. p. 743. 
MAM'ADISCH, a town of Ruffia, in the government 
of Kazan, on the Viatka: fixteen miles north-eaft of Ka¬ 
zan. Lat. 56. 16. N. Ion. 50. 30. E. 
MA'MAK, a feaport town of Abafcia, on the Black 
Sea: 110 miles weft of Ifgaur. Lat. 43. 26.N. Ion. 38. 
25. E. 
MAMAKA'TING, a townlhip of America, in Ulfter 
county, New York, on Delaware river; containing 1631 
inhabitants. 
MAMAKA'TUN, a town of Turkilh Armenia, on 
the Euphrates : twelve miles north of Arzingan. 
MAMALAG'ERY, a town of Hindooftan, on the 
borders of Dindigul: twenty miles north-weft of Ootatn- 
paleam, and fixty eaft of Cochin. 
MAMALAK'JE, one of the Calaur Iflands. Lat. 6, 
40. S. Ion. 123. 33. E. 
MAM'ALUKE. See the article Egypt, vol. vi. p. 326-8, 
379, 80. —Since that article was written, a dreadful maffacre 
of the mamalukes, amounting, as it is laid, almolt to exter¬ 
mination, has taken place. The pacha (or viceroy) of Egypt 
found it impollible to rule thefe turbulent chiefs; and Their 
deltruftion was no doubt concerted and authorifed by the 
government at Conftantinople. Egypt had ever been con- 
lidered by the mamalukes as their patrimony ; and fo 
deeply was this idea impreffed on their minds by long pof- 
felfion, that they complained of the infringement of rights, 
when, upon the evacuation of the Englilh army, the 
Porte was reinitiated in its original authority. But, had 
it been confident with jultice to reftore to the mamalukes 
their ufurped dominion, fuch condufl would fcarcely have 
been reconcilable to found policy; fince their numbers 
had been fo much reduced by the luperiority of the French 
arms, as to incapacitate them from defending the country 
againft the attacks of a foreign invader, or even fupprefling 
the languid efforts which the native Egyptians might 
make againft the tyranny of their inafters. Yet the beys, 
though lenfible of their weaknefs, fighed for the pleafures 
of unlimited dominion, of which they had been fo lately 
3 0 deprived j 
