236 
MAMMALIA. 
dead ;) I mean, from the further end of the one to the 
other; which you will find three feet two inches and a 
half; and another meafure fliowing the dimenfion of the 
breafts longwife, viz. near four feet four inches; and a 
third, giving the dimenfion of the breadth, viz. three feet 
four inches and a half. The right bread we took not off, 
but guefs it might weigh forty pounds.” 
MAMMA'LIA,yi [from mamma, Lat. the bread.] The 
firft clafs of the animal kingdom in the fydem of Lin¬ 
naeus, containing thofe animals w'hich have breads or paps, 
(mamma) at which they fuckle their young. In this clafs 
are included, not only Man, and what are called vivipar¬ 
ous quadrupeds, but the bat tribe, and feveral marine ani¬ 
mals, as feals and whales. There is indeed no fingleEnglifh 
word by which Mammalia can be tranflated; Quadrupeds 
would exclude the generaTrichecus and Phoca, whofehind 
feet are merely fins, and the entire Cetaceous Order, which, 
from giving milk, are arranged by Linnaeus in this clafs. 
The Mammalia are, however, for the mod part, quadru¬ 
peds, or having four legs and feet; and, along with man, 
they inhabit the furface of the earth, environed with cruel 
enemies. The larged in fize, though by far the ftnalled 
in number, being furniflied with fins, inhabit the ocean. 
The Mammalia are didributed into Seven Orders; the 
characters of which, and alfo of the genera, are taken from 
the nymber, fituation, and druCture, of the teeth. 
Order I. Primates. The characters of this order are 
—Their fore-teeth are incifive wedges, of which there are 
four, parallel to each other, in the upper jaw ; except in 
fomefpecies of bats, which have either two only, or none; 
they have one tufk on each fide in both jaws. The fe¬ 
males have two peCtoral milk-teats. The two fors-feet 
refemble hands, having fingers, for the mod part, fur¬ 
niflied with fiattened oval nails. They live modly on 
fruits and feeds, a few only ufing animal food. This or¬ 
der includes the four genera following : 
Homo. - - Walks ereCt; body naked, except in a 
few places. 
Simia. - - Tulks didant from each other; 
Lemur. - - Fore-teeth, lower 6. 
Vefpertilio. - Fore-feet palmate, formed for flying. 
II. Bruta. Thefe have no fore-teeth in either jaw. 
Their feet are fortified with drong, blunt, hoof-like, nails. 
They are of clumfy make, and are flow in their motions. 
They moftly live on vegetables, which they only bruife 
in madication. This order contains nine genera j 
R hinoceros. - Horn on the middle of the forehead. 
Sukotyro. - Horn on each fide near the eyes. 
Elephas. - Tulks and grinders ; nofe elongated into 
a probofeis. 
Trichechus. - Tulks upper; grinders rough, bony; feet 
dretched backwards. 
Bradypus. - Tulks o ; anterior grinders longer; body 
hairy. 
Myrmecophaga. Teeth o ; body hairy. 
Manis. - - Teeth o; body fealy. 
Dafypus. - Grinders; tulks o ; body covered with a 
crufiaceous (hell. 
Platypus. - Mouth like a duck’s bill; feet palmate. 
III. Fer^e. Their fore teeth are conically pointed, 
and of thefe mod have fix in each jaw; they all have tulks, 
longer than the other teeth ; and their grinders are fur- 
niflied with conical projections. Their feet are divided 
into toes, which are armed with (harp hooked claws. 
They live on animal food, either devouring dead car- 
caffes, or preying on other animals. In this order we 
reckon ten genera: 
Phoca. - - Fore-teeth, upper 6, lower 4. 
Canis. - - Fore-teeth, 6, 6; intermediate upper ones 
lobate. 
Fells. - = Fore-teeth, 6, 6; lower ones equal; tongue 
aculeate. 
Mudela. ~ ■ 
Urfus. - 
Didelphis. 
Talpa. - 
Sorex. 
Erinaceus. 
Viverra. - 
Fore-teeth, 6, 6 ; lower ones crowded ; s 
alternate interior. 
Fore-teeth, 6, 6 ; upper ones excavate; a 
crooked bone in the penis. 
Fore-teeth, upper 10, lower 8. 
Fore-teeth, upper 6, lower 8. 
Fore-teeth, upper 2, lower 4. 
Fore-teeth, upper 2, lower 2. 
Fore-teeth, 6, 6 5 intermediate lower ones 
(horter. 
IV. Glires. Thefe have two incifive fore-teeth in 
each jaw, and no tulks. Their feet, which are formed 
for bounding and running, are provided with toes and 
claws. They feed on vegetables, gnawing the barks, 
roots, and other parts, of plants. In this order we have 
alfo ten genera: 
Hyltrix. - - Body covered with fpines. 
Cavia. - - Fore-teeth wedged; grinders 4 on each 
fide; clavicle o. 
Callor. - - Fore-teeth, upper wedged ; grinders 4 oa 
each fide ; clavicle perfeCt. 
Mus. - - - Fore-teeth, upper wedged : grinders 3 oa 
each fide ; clavicle perfeCt. 
ArCtomys. - Fore-teeth wedged ; grinders, upper 5, 
lower4, on each fide; clavicle perfeCt! 
Sciurus. - Fore-teeth, upper wedged, lower acute • 
grinders upper 5, lower 4, on each 
fide ; clavicle perfeCt; tail diltichous ; 
whilkers long. 
Myoxas. - Whilkers long ; tail round, thicker at the 
point. 
Dipus. - - Fore-feet Ihort; hind-feet long. 
Lepus. - - Fore-teeth, upper double. 
Hyrax. - - Fore-teeth, upper broad ; tail o. 
V. Pecora. Thefe have feveral blunt wedge-like irt- 
cifive fore-teeth in the lower jaw only. Their feet are 
armed with cloven hoofs. They live on vegetables, which 
they twitch or pluck; they all ruminate, or chew the 
cud ; and have four Itomachs. See Anatomy, compa¬ 
rative, vol. i. p. 659, 60. This order confilts of eight 
genera: 0 
Camelus. - Horns o ; tulks many, 
Mofchus. - Horns o ; tulks lolitary, upper ones pro¬ 
jecting. 
Camelopardalis. Horns (horteft ; fore-feet longer than the 
hind. 
Cervus. - - Horns folid, branching, deciduous; tulks o. 
Antilope. - Horns folid, perfiftent; tulks o. 
Capra. - - Horns hollow, ereCt; tulks o. 
Ovis. - - Horns hollow, reclined ; tulks o. 
Bos. - - - Horns hollow, fpread; tulks o. 
VI. Bellu./e. Thefe have ohtufely-truncated fore¬ 
teeth. Thtir feet are armed with hoofs. Their motions 
are flow and heavy. They live on vegetable food, from 
which their digeftive organs draw ,a tinChire without dif- 
folution. This order confilts of four genera : 
Equus. - - Fore-teeth, upper 6, lower 6. 
Hippopotamus. Fore-teeth, upper 4, lower 4. 
Tapir. - - Fore-teeth, upper 10 , lower jo. 
Sus. - - - Fore-teeth, upper 4, lower 6. 
VII. Cete. This order, though nearly allied in man¬ 
ners and form to fillies, is neceffariiy ranked with the clafs 
of mammalia from fimilarity in ftruCture: Their heart 
has two auricles and two ventricles, which propel warm 
red blood: they have regularly alternate lungs: their eye¬ 
lids are moveable : they have open ears, which receive im- 
preflions of found from the motions of the air : they have 
feven vertebrae of the neck, lumbar bones, and a coccyx: 
they procreate with an intrant penis: and, laltly, the 
female luckles her young with milk by means of teats, 
like the quadrupeds. Inltead of feet, however, the ani¬ 
mals of this order are provided with peftoral fins and a 
* horizontally- 
